Loup language: Difference between revisions
Undid revision 931357661 by MacySinrich (talk) That it’s anglicized name. Gustafson 2000, does not list a voiced velar plosive. |
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{{Short description|Extinct Algonquin language of New England}} |
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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|name=Loup |
|name=Loup |
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|fam2=[[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] |
|fam2=[[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] |
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|fam3=[[Eastern Algonquian languages|Eastern Algonquian]] |
|fam3=[[Eastern Algonquian languages|Eastern Algonquian]] |
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|lc1=xlo |
|lc1=xlo |
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|ld1=Loup A |
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|lc2=xlb |
|lc2=xlb |
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|ld2=Loup B |
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|linglist=xlo |
|linglist=xlo |
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|lingname=Loup A |
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|linglist2=xlb |
|linglist2=xlb |
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|lingname2=Loup B |
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|glotto=loup1243 |
|glotto=loup1243 |
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|glottoname= |
|glottoname=Nipmuck |
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|glotto2=loup1245 |
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⚫ | }}'''Loup''' is an extinct [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] language, or possibly group of languages, spoken in colonial [[New England]]. ''Loup'' ( |
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|glottoname2=Loup B |
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⚫ | }}'''Loup''' is an extinct [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]] language, or possibly group of languages, spoken in colonial [[New England]]. ''Loup'' ('Wolf') was a [[French language|French]] colonial ethnographic term, and usage was inconsistent. In modern literature, it refers to two varieties, '''Loup A''' and '''Loup B'''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last = Goddard|first = Ives|date = 2012|title = The 'Loup' Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian|url =https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/ALGQP/article/view/2320/2094|journal = Papers of the 44th Algonquian Conference| volume=44 |publisher = SUNY Press|pages = 104–138}}</ref> |
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==Attestation== |
==Attestation== |
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Loup A, which may be the language of the [[Nipmuck]], is principally attested from a word list recorded from refugees by the [[Saint-François-du-Lac, Quebec|St. Francis]] mission to the [[Abenaki]] in [[Quebec]]. The descendants of these refugees became speakers of Western Abenaki in the eighteenth century. Loup B refers to a second word list, which shows extensive dialectal variation. This may not be a distinct language, but just notes on the speech of various New England Algonquian refugees in French missions.<ref>Victor Golla, 2007. ''Atlas of the World's Languages''</ref>[[File:Chaubunagungamaug lake sign.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Chaubunagungamaug|Chaubunagungamaug lake]] sign, |
Loup A, which may be the language of the [[Nipmuck]], is principally attested from a word list recorded from refugees by the [[Saint-François-du-Lac, Quebec|St. Francis]] mission to the [[Abenaki]] in [[Quebec]]. The descendants of these refugees became speakers of Western Abenaki in the eighteenth century. Loup B refers to a second word list, which shows extensive dialectal variation. This may not be a distinct language, but just notes on the speech of various New England Algonquian refugees in French missions.<ref>Victor Golla, 2007. ''Atlas of the World's Languages''</ref>[[File:Chaubunagungamaug lake sign.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Chaubunagungamaug|Chaubunagungamaug lake]] sign, a place name originating from the [[Nipmuck]] people]] |
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== Phonology == |
== Phonology == |
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The phonology of Loup A (Nipmuck), reconstructed by Gustafson 2000: |
The phonology of Loup A (Nipmuck), reconstructed by Gustafson 2000: |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|+Consonants |
|+Nipmuc Consonants |
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! rowspan="2" | |
! rowspan="2" | |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] |
! rowspan="2" |[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] |
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!<small>lab.</small> |
!<small>lab.</small> |
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|- align="center" |
|- align="center" |
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![[ |
![[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
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|{{IPAlink|m}} |
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|p |
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|{{IPAlink|n}} |
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|t |
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|tʲ |
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|k |
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|(kʷ) |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
|m |
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|n |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | |||
|{{IPAlink|p}} |
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|{{IPAlink|t}} |
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|{{IPAlink|tʲ}} |
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|{{IPAlink|k}} |
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|{{IPAlink|(kʷ)}} |
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|- align="center" |
|- align="center" |
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|tʃ |
|{{IPAlink|tʃ}} |
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![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
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|{{IPAlink|s}} |
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|s |
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|{{IPAlink|h}} |
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|h |
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|- align="center" |
|- align="center" |
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![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] |
![[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] |
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|{{IPAlink|l}} |
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|l |
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|- align="center" |
|- align="center" |
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![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
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|{{IPAlink|w}} |
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|w |
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|{{IPAlink|j}} |
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|j |
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|+Vowels |
|+Vowels |
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! |
! |
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![[Front vowel|Front]] |
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!Short |
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![[Back vowel|Back]] |
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!Long |
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⚫ | |||
!Nasal |
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![[Close vowel|Close]] |
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⚫ | |||
|{{IPAlink|i}}, {{IPAlink|iː}} |
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!Close |
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|{{IPAlink|u}} |
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|i |
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⚫ | |||
|iː |
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![[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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|{{IPAlink|e}} |
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⚫ | |||
|{{IPAlink|o}}, {{IPAlink|oː}} |
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!Mid |
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⚫ | |||
|e |
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![[Open vowel|Open]] |
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| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|a}}, {{IPAlink|aː}}, {{IPAlink|ã}} |
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⚫ | |||
!Open |
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|a |
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|aː |
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|ã |
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|- align="center" |
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!Back-mid |
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|o |
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|oː |
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|- align="center" |
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!Back-close |
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|u |
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The vowel sounds likely have the same phonetic quality as other southern New England Algonquian languages. The short vowels /i o e a/ may represent the sounds as [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɛ,ə], and [ʌ], while the long vowels /iː/, /oː/, and /ã/ correspond to /i/, /o/, and /ã/.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.nipmuclanguage.org/uploads/5/0/7/7/50775337/gustafson_thesis_nipmuck_grammar.pdf|title=A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language|last=Gustafson|first=Holly Suzanne|publisher=Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba|year=2000 |
The vowel sounds likely have the same phonetic quality as other southern New England Algonquian languages. The short vowels {{IPA|/i o e a/}} may represent the sounds as {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, {{IPA|[ʊ]}}, {{IPA|[ɛ,ə]}}, and {{IPA|[ʌ]}}, while the long vowels {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/oː/}}, and {{IPA|/ã/}} correspond to {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, and {{IPA|/ã/}}.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.nipmuclanguage.org/uploads/5/0/7/7/50775337/gustafson_thesis_nipmuck_grammar.pdf|title=A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language|last=Gustafson|first=Holly Suzanne|publisher=Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba|year=2000}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://myaamiacenter.org/MCResources/costa_biblio/costa-PAC.pdf|title=The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian|last=Costa|first=David J.|year=2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825205148/http://myaamiacenter.org/MCResources/costa_biblio/costa-PAC.pdf|archive-date=25 August 2018}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:Indigenous languages of North America]] |
[[Category:Indigenous languages of North America]] |
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[[Category:Languages extinct in the 18th century]] |
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 18th century]] |
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[[Category:Nipmuc]] |
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{{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub}} |
Revision as of 03:34, 6 April 2024
Loup | |
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Pronunciation | [lu] |
Native to | United States |
Region | Massachusetts, Connecticut |
Ethnicity | Nipmuck? |
Extinct | 18th century |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Either:xlo – Loup Axlb – Loup B |
xlo Loup A | |
xlb Loup B | |
Glottolog | loup1243 Nipmuckloup1245 Loup B |
Loup is an extinct Algonquian language, or possibly group of languages, spoken in colonial New England. Loup ('Wolf') was a French colonial ethnographic term, and usage was inconsistent. In modern literature, it refers to two varieties, Loup A and Loup B.[1]
Attestation
Loup A, which may be the language of the Nipmuck, is principally attested from a word list recorded from refugees by the St. Francis mission to the Abenaki in Quebec. The descendants of these refugees became speakers of Western Abenaki in the eighteenth century. Loup B refers to a second word list, which shows extensive dialectal variation. This may not be a distinct language, but just notes on the speech of various New England Algonquian refugees in French missions.[2]
Phonology
The phonology of Loup A (Nipmuck), reconstructed by Gustafson 2000:
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal/ Postalveolar |
Velar | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | pal. | plain | lab. | ||||
Nasal | m | n | |||||
Plosive | p | t | tʲ | k | (kʷ) | ||
Affricate | tʃ | ||||||
Fricative | s | h | |||||
Lateral | l | ||||||
Approximant | w | j |
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i, iː | u |
Mid | e | o, oː |
Open | a, aː, ã |
The vowel sounds likely have the same phonetic quality as other southern New England Algonquian languages. The short vowels /i o e a/ may represent the sounds as [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɛ,ə], and [ʌ], while the long vowels /iː/, /oː/, and /ã/ correspond to /i/, /o/, and /ã/.[3][4]
References
- ^ Goddard, Ives (2012). "The 'Loup' Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian". Papers of the 44th Algonquian Conference. 44. SUNY Press: 104–138.
- ^ Victor Golla, 2007. Atlas of the World's Languages
- ^ Gustafson, Holly Suzanne (2000). A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language (PDF). Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
- ^ Costa, David J. (2007). The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2018.
External links
- OLAC resources in and about the Loup A language
- OLAC resources in and about the Loup B language
- Nipmuc Language.org