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| established = {{start date and age|1810}}
| established = {{start date and age|1810}}
| collection_size = 9,000,000 Items
| collection_size = 9,000,000 Items
| pop_served = open to the public
| pop_served = open to the public
| budget =
| budget =
| director = Luiz Carlos Ramiro Junior
| director = Luiz Carlos Ramiro Junior
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}}
}}


The '''Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil''' (English: ''National Library of Brazil'') is the depository of the bibliographic and documentary heritage of [[Brazil]]. It is located in [[Rio de Janeiro]], the capital city of Brazil from 1822 to 1960, more specifically at [[Cinelândia]] square.
The '''National Library of Brazil''' ({{lang-pt|Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil}}, official name is {{Lang|pt|Fundação Biblioteca Nacional}}) is the depository of the bibliographic and documentary heritage of [[Brazil]]. It is located in [[Rio de Janeiro]], the capital city of Brazil from 1822 to 1960, more specifically at [[Cinelândia]] square.


The largest library in [[Latin America]] and the 7th largest in the world, its collections include about 9 million items.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bn.br/portal/?nu_pagina=11 |title=Fundação Biblioteca Nacional<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2012-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327043848/http://www.bn.br/portal/?nu_pagina=11 |archive-date=2014-03-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It organized the first library science courses in Latin America and its staff has led the modernization of library services, including the development of online databases.<ref>Murray, Stuart A. P. “The Library: An Illustrated History.” New York, NY: [[Skyhorse Publishing]], 2012, p. 277.</ref>
Considered by [[UNESCO]] the largest library in [[Latin America]] and the seventh largest in the world, its collections include about 9 million items.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bn.br/portal/?nu_pagina=11 |title=Fundação Biblioteca Nacional<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2012-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327043848/http://www.bn.br/portal/?nu_pagina=11 |archive-date=2014-03-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It organized the first library science courses in Latin America and its staff has led the modernization of library services, including the development of online databases.<ref>Murray, Stuart A. P. “The Library: An Illustrated History.” New York, NY: [[Skyhorse Publishing]], 2012, p. 277.</ref>


==History==
==History==
[[File:Americana 1920 Libraries - Bibliotheca Nacional Rio de Janeiro.jpg|thumb|left|The National Library, c. 1920]]
[[File:Americana 1920 Libraries - Bibliotheca Nacional Rio de Janeiro.jpg|thumb|left|The National Library, {{Circa|1920}}]]
The history of the National Library began on 1 November 1755, when Lisbon suffered a violent earthquake. The Royal Library was considered one of the most important libraries in Europe at that time. This irreparable loss to the Portuguese was the impetus for moving many of its contents to Brazil. The collection was brought in three stages, the first being in 1810 and two in 1811. The library of 60,000 books was accommodated initially in the upstairs rooms of the Third Order of Carmel Hospital (in accordance with the charter of July 27, 1810), located in the old back street of Carmel close to the [[Paço Imperial|Imperial Palace]]. The facilities, however, were considered inadequate and as well potentially jeopardizing the valuable collection. Therefore, on 29 October 1810, a date that was assigned to the official founding of the National Library, Prince Regent John (later King [[John VI of Portugal|John VI of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]]) issued a decree which provided that a royal library should be established from the funds of the royal treasury.<ref>Murray, S. (2009). The library : an illustrated history / Stuart A.P. Murray; introduction by Donald G. Davis, Jr.; foreword by Nicholas A. Basbanes. New York, NY : [[Skyhorse Pub.]]; Chicago : ALA Editions, 2009.</ref>
The history of the National Library began on 1 November 1755, when Lisbon suffered a violent earthquake. The Royal Library was considered one of the most important libraries in Europe at that time. This irreparable loss to the Portuguese was the impetus for moving many of its contents to Brazil. The collection was brought in three stages, the first being in 1810 and two in 1811. The library of 60,000 books was accommodated initially in the upstairs rooms of the Third Order of Carmel Hospital (in accordance with the charter of July 27, 1810), located in the old back street of Carmel close to the [[Paço Imperial|Imperial Palace]]. The facilities, however, were considered inadequate and as well potentially jeopardizing the valuable collection. Therefore, on 29 October 1810, a date that was assigned to the official founding of the National Library, Prince Regent John (later King [[John VI of Portugal|John VI of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]]) issued a decree which provided that a royal library should be established from the funds of the royal treasury.<ref>Murray, S. (2009). The library : an illustrated history / Stuart A.P. Murray; introduction by Donald G. Davis, Jr.; foreword by Nicholas A. Basbanes. New York, NY : [[Skyhorse Pub.]]; Chicago : ALA Editions, 2009.</ref>


===Expansion===
===Expansion===
[[File:Bibliotecanacional2.jpg|thumb|Main entrance to the Library]]
[[File:Bibliotecanacional2.jpg|thumb|Main entrance to the library]]
The works for the new building of the Library only took place in 1813, when the collection was transferred. While the process of setting up the books, which began in 1810, was taking place the consultation of the Library collection could already be carried out by scholars, by royal consent, and in 1814, after the collection of the collection was completed, the consultation was public.
The works for the new building of the library only took place in 1813, when the collection was transferred. While the process of setting up the books, which began in 1810, was taking place the consultation of the library collection could already be carried out by scholars, by royal consent, and in 1814, after the collection of the collection was completed, the consultation was public.


Officially established, the library continued to have a significant expansion through purchases, donations, mainly, and "tips", that is, by the obligatory delivery of a copy of all printed material in the typographic offices of Portugal (By decree of 12 September 1805) and in the Royal Printing, installed in [[Rio de Janeiro]]. This legislation on tips was improved over the years and culminated in Decree No. 1,825 of 20 December 1907, commonly called the Legal Deposit Decree, still in force.
Officially established, the library continued to have a significant expansion through purchases, donations, mainly, and "tips", that is, by the obligatory delivery of a copy of all printed material in the typographic offices of Portugal (By decree of 12 September 1805) and in the Royal Printing, installed in [[Rio de Janeiro]]. This legislation on tips was improved over the years and culminated in Decree No. 1,825 of 20 December 1907, commonly called the Legal Deposit Decree, still in force.


===Transfer of sovereignty===
===Transfer of sovereignty===
After the death of [[Maria I of Brazil|Queen Maria I]] in March 1816, the reign of [[John VI of Portugal|King John VI]] began, and it remained in Brazil until 1821, when political circumstances made him return to [[Lisbon]] with the [[House of Braganza|Royal Family]], except for his eldest son [[Pedro I of Brazil|Prince Pedro de Alcântara of Braganza]] (future [[Emperor of Brazil]]), who came to proclaim the independence of Brazil in 1822. Here also remained the Royal Library. At that time it had grown a lot and, after Independence, in 1822, became property of the [[Empire of Brazil]], because its purchase is included in the Additional Convention to the [[Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)|Treaty of Friendship and Alliance signed between Brazil and Portugal]] on 29 August 1825. For the goods left in Brazil the Royal Family was indemnified in two million [[pounds sterling]], of that value, eight hundred ''[[Brazilian real (old)|contos de reis]]'' were destined to the payment of the Royal Library, which was then called the Imperial and Public Library of the Court.
After the death of [[Maria I of Brazil|Queen Maria I]] in March 1816, the reign of [[John VI of Portugal|King John VI]] began, and it remained in Brazil until 1821, when political circumstances made him return to [[Lisbon]] with the [[House of Braganza|royal family]], except for his eldest son [[Pedro I of Brazil|Prince Pedro de Alcântara of Braganza]] (future [[Emperor of Brazil]]), who came to proclaim the independence of Brazil in 1822. Here also remained the Royal Library. At that time it had grown a lot and, after Independence, in 1822, became property of the [[Empire of Brazil]], because its purchase is included in the Additional Convention to the [[Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)|Treaty of Friendship and Alliance signed between Brazil and Portugal]] on 29 August 1825. For the goods left in Brazil the royal family was indemnified in two million [[pounds sterling]], of that value, eight hundred ''[[Brazilian real (old)|contos de reis]]'' were destined to the payment of the Royal Library, which was then called the Imperial and Public Library of the Court.


===Building===
===Building===
[[File:0200 years Biblioteca Nacional in Rio de Janeiro city.jpg|thumb|left|Façade of the current building in 2010]]
[[File:0200 years Biblioteca Nacional in Rio de Janeiro city.jpg|thumb|left|Façade of the current building in 2010]]
In 1858, the Library was transferred to the Passeio street, number 60, in Lapa square, and installed in the building that had the purpose to better shelter its collection. As its collection continued to grow with donations, acquisitions and through legal contributions, purchase of rare art collections at auctions and in bookstores around the world, a new building was needed that best suited its needs.
In 1858, the library was transferred to the Passeio street, number 60, in Lapa square, and installed in the building that had the purpose to better shelter its collection. As its collection continued to grow with donations, acquisitions and through legal contributions, purchase of rare art collections at auctions and in bookstores around the world, a new building was needed that best suited its needs.


The constant and permanent growth of the collection of the library was fundamental for the realization of a project of construction of a seat that would attend all the needs of the library, adequately accommodating its collections. Based on this, his current building was designed, which had its cornerstone launched on 15 August 1905, during the government of [[Rodrigues Alves]]. The inauguration took place on 29 October 1910, during the [[Nilo Peçanha]] government and in the first centenary of the Library.
The constant and permanent growth of the collection of the library was fundamental for the realization of a project of construction of a seat that would attend all the needs of the library, adequately accommodating its collections. Based on this, his current building was designed, which had its cornerstone launched on 15 August 1905, during the government of [[Rodrigues Alves]]. The inauguration took place on 29 October 1910, during the [[Nilo Peçanha]] government and in the first centenary of the library.


The building of the National Library, whose project is signed by the military engineer Sousa Aguiar, has an [[eclectic style]], in which [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] and [[art nouveau]] elements are mixed, and contains ornaments by artists such as [[Eliseu Visconti]], [[Henrique Bernardelli|Henrique]] and [[Rodolfo Bernardelli]], [[Modesto Brocos]] and [[Rodolfo Amoedo]]. Eliseu Visconti, still in 1903, had already designed the ''ex-libris'' and the emblem of the National Library.
The building of the National Library, whose project is signed by the military engineer Sousa Aguiar, has an [[eclectic style]], in which [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] and [[art nouveau]] elements are mixed, and contains ornaments by artists such as [[Eliseu Visconti]], [[Henrique Bernardelli|Henrique]] and [[Rodolfo Bernardelli]], [[Modesto Brocos]] and [[Rodolfo Amoedo]]. Eliseu Visconti, still in 1903, had already designed the ''ex-libris'' and the emblem of the National Library.
Line 45: Line 45:


==Legal deposit==
==Legal deposit==
In 1907, presidential Decree no. 1825<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/1900-1909/DPL1825.htm |title=Decree 1825 of 20 December 1907 |access-date=14 May 2008 |archive-date=6 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106172028/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/1900-1909/DPL1825.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> established the duty of all publishers to send one copy of each publication to then-called ''Bibliotheca Nacional''. In 2004, this decree was revoked by congressional Law no. 10,994,<ref>[http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2004/Lei/L10994.htm Law 10,994 of 14 December 2004]</ref> still in force, upholding the same mandate but updating its provisions.
In 1907, Presidential Decree no. 1825<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/1900-1909/DPL1825.htm |title=Decree 1825 of 20 December 1907 |access-date=14 May 2008 |archive-date=6 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106172028/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/1900-1909/DPL1825.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> established the duty of all publishers to send one copy of each publication to then-called ''Bibliotheca Nacional''. In 2004, this decree was revoked by congressional Law no. 10,994,<ref>[http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2004/Lei/L10994.htm Law 10,994 of 14 December 2004]</ref> still in force, upholding the same mandate but updating its provisions.


Article 1st of Law no. 10,994 specifies that the legal deposit's aim is "to ensure the registration and custody of national intellectual production, to allow for the control, development and spreading of current Brazilian bibliography, and to defend and preserve national language and culture."
Article 1st of Law no. 10,994 specifies that the legal deposit's aim is "to ensure the registration and custody of national intellectual production, to allow for the control, development and spreading of current Brazilian bibliography, and to defend and preserve national language and culture."


==Significant collections==
==Significant collections==
Among the significant collections of the National Library of Brazil is the Teresa Cristina Maria photograph collection, which includes 21,742 photographs dating from the nineteenth century. These photographs were left to the Library by [[Pedro II of Brazil|Emperor Pedro II]] in 1891.<ref name=WDL1>{{cite web|title=Old Recife|year=1880|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/1673/|publisher=World Digital Library|access-date=21 January 2013}}</ref> This collection has been inscribed on [[UNESCO|UNESCO's]] [[Memory of the World Programme]] Register in 2003 in recognition of its world significance and outstanding universal value.<ref name=Thereza>{{cite web| title= The Emperor's collection: foreign and Brazilian photography in the XIX century | date=2008-05-16 |url= http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-8/the-emperors-collection-foreign-and-brazilian-photography-in-the-xix-century/ |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme |access-date=2012-12-05}}</ref> It features images related to Brazil's history and people from the 19th century, including photographs by [[Moritz Lamberg]]. There are also photographs from [[Africa]], [[North America]], and [[Europe]].<ref name=WDL1/>
Among the significant collections of the National Library of Brazil is the Teresa Cristina Maria photograph collection, which includes 21,742 photographs dating from the nineteenth century. These photographs were left to the library by [[Pedro II of Brazil|Emperor Pedro II]] in 1891.<ref name=WDL1>{{cite web|title=Old Recife|year=1880|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/1673/|publisher=World Digital Library|access-date=21 January 2013}}</ref> This collection has been inscribed on [[UNESCO|UNESCO's]] [[Memory of the World Programme]] Register in 2003 in recognition of its world significance and outstanding universal value.<ref name=Thereza>{{cite web| title= The Emperor's collection: foreign and Brazilian photography in the XIX century | date=2008-05-16 |url= http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-8/the-emperors-collection-foreign-and-brazilian-photography-in-the-xix-century/ |publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme |access-date=2012-12-05}}</ref> It features images related to Brazil's history and people from the 19th century, including photographs by [[Moritz Lamberg]]. There are also photographs from [[Africa]], [[North America]], and [[Europe]].<ref name=WDL1/>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Americana 1920 Libraries - Bibliotheca Nacional Rio de Janeiro.jpg|Photograph of the National Library, c. 1920
File:Americana 1920 Libraries - Bibliotheca Nacional Rio de Janeiro.jpg|Photograph of the National Library, {{Circa|1920}}
File:Biblioteca Nacional 5.JPG|Entrance from the outside
File:Biblioteca Nacional 5.JPG|Entrance from the outside
File:Biblioteca Nacional 4.JPG|Left wing
File:Biblioteca Nacional 4.JPG|Left wing
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</gallery>
</gallery>


==List of Former Directors==
==List of former directors==
(incomplete list)
(incomplete list)
* Frei Camilo de Monserrate (29 April 1853 to 19 November 1870)<ref>FONSECA, Edson Nery. A biblioteconomia brasileira no contexto mundial. Rio de Janeiro; [[Instituto Nacional do Livro|INL]]. 1979. p. 26</ref> {{in lang|pt}}
* Frei Camilo de Monserrate (29 April 1853 to 19 November 1870)<ref>FONSECA, Edson Nery. A biblioteconomia brasileira no contexto mundial. Rio de Janeiro; [[Instituto Nacional do Livro|INL]]. 1979. p. 26</ref> {{in lang|pt}}
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* Francisco Mendes da Rocha
* Francisco Mendes da Rocha
* [[Raul Pompeia]]
* [[Raul Pompeia]]
* [[:pt:Teixeira de Melo|José Alexandre Teixeira de Melo]] {{in lang|pt}} (1895-1900)
* [[:pt:Teixeira de Melo|José Alexandre Teixeira de Melo]] {{in lang|pt}} (1895–1900)
* [[:pt:Peregrino da Silva|Manuel Cícero Peregrino da Silva]] {{in lang|pt}} (1900-1924)
* [[:pt:Peregrino da Silva|Manuel Cícero Peregrino da Silva]] {{in lang|pt}} (1900–1924)
* Mario Behring (interim, 1923)
* Mario Behring (interim, 1923)
* Aurélio Lopes de Souza
* Aurélio Lopes de Souza
* Basílio de Magalhães
* Basílio de Magalhães
* [[:pt:Rodolfo Garcia|Rodolfo Garcia]] {{in lang|pt}} (1932-1945)
* [[:pt:Rodolfo Garcia|Rodolfo Garcia]] {{in lang|pt}} (1932–1945)
* [[:pt:Rubens Borba de Moraes|Rubens Borba de Moraes]] {{in lang|pt}} (1945-1947)
* [[:pt:Rubens Borba de Moraes|Rubens Borba de Moraes]] {{in lang|pt}} (1945–1947)
* [[:pt:Josué Montello|Josué Montello]] {{in lang|pt}} (1947-1953)
* [[:pt:Josué Montello|Josué Montello]] {{in lang|pt}} (1947–1953)
* [[:pt:Eugênio Gomes|Eugênio Gomes]] {{in lang|pt}} (1951-1956)
* [[:pt:Eugênio Gomes|Eugênio Gomes]] {{in lang|pt}} (1951–1956)
* [[:pt:Adonias Filho|Adonias Aguiar Filho]] {{in lang|pt}}
* [[:pt:Adonias Filho|Adonias Aguiar Filho]] {{in lang|pt}}
* Jannice Monte-Mór
* Jannice Monte-Mór
* [[:pt:Plínio Doyle|Plínio Doyle]] {{in lang|pt}}
* [[:pt:Plínio Doyle|Plínio Doyle]] {{in lang|pt}}
* Celia Ribeiro Zaher
* Celia Ribeiro Zaher
* [[Affonso Romano de Sant'Anna]] (1990-1996)
* [[Affonso Romano de Sant'Anna]] (1990–1996)
* [[Eduardo Portella]] (1996-2002)
* [[Eduardo Portella]] (1996–2002)
* [[Pedro Corrêa do Lago]] (2003-2005)
* [[Pedro Corrêa do Lago]] (2003–2005)
* [[:pt:Muniz Sodré|Muniz Sodré]] {{in lang|pt}} (2009-2011)<ref>[http://bndigital.bn.br/dossies/biblioteca-nacional-200-anos/ Sítio Oficial da BN Digital]</ref> {{in lang|pt}}
* [[:pt:Muniz Sodré|Muniz Sodré]] {{in lang|pt}} (2009–2011)<ref>[http://bndigital.bn.br/dossies/biblioteca-nacional-200-anos/ Sítio Oficial da BN Digital]</ref> {{in lang|pt}}
* Galeno Amorim (2011-2013)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.blogdogaleno.com.br/sobre-o-galeno |title="Blog do Galeno" (Blog Oficial) |access-date=2018-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808043504/http://www.blogdogaleno.com.br/sobre-o-galeno |archive-date=2014-08-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Galeno Amorim (2011–2013)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.blogdogaleno.com.br/sobre-o-galeno |title="Blog do Galeno" (Blog Oficial) |access-date=2018-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808043504/http://www.blogdogaleno.com.br/sobre-o-galeno |archive-date=2014-08-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Renato Lessa (2013-2016)
* Renato Lessa (2013–2016)
* Helena Porto Severo da Costa (2016 - 2021)<ref>[http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2016-08/nomeados-presidentes-da-biblioteca-nacional-e-da-funarte Nomeados novos presidentes da Biblioteca Nacional e da Funarte]. Agência Brasil. Acesso em 5 de outubro de 2016.</ref> {{in lang|pt}}
* Helena Porto Severo da Costa (2016–2019)<ref>[http://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2016-08/nomeados-presidentes-da-biblioteca-nacional-e-da-funarte Nomeados novos presidentes da Biblioteca Nacional e da Funarte]. Agência Brasil. Acesso em 5 de outubro de 2016.</ref> {{in lang|pt}}
* Rafael Nogueira (2019-2022)
* Rafael Nogueira (2019–2022)
* Luiz Carlos Ramiro Junior (2022-present)
* Luiz Carlos Ramiro Junior (2022–present)


== See also ==
== See also ==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category|Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil}}
{{Commons category|Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil}}
*[https://www.bn.gov.br/ Official site] {{in lang|pt}}
*[https://www.gov.br/bn/pt-br Official site] {{in lang|pt}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090602064130/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761564555___110/Library_(institution).html Encarta] ([https://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1257053369606885 Archived] 2009-11-01)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090602064130/http://encarta.msn.com/text_761564555___110/Library_(institution).html Encarta] ([https://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1257053369606885 Archived] 2009-11-01)


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[[Category:World Digital Library partners]]
[[Category:World Digital Library partners]]
[[Category:Deposit libraries]]
[[Category:Deposit libraries]]
[[Category:Libraries established in 1810]]
[[Category:1810 establishments in Brazil]]
[[Category:National heritage sites of Rio de Janeiro (state)]]

Revision as of 22:50, 20 September 2023

Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil
Aerial view of the library
Map
LocationRio de Janeiro, Brazil
Established1810; 214 years ago (1810)
Collection
Size9,000,000 Items
Access and use
Population servedopen to the public
Other information
DirectorLuiz Carlos Ramiro Junior
Websitehttps://www.bn.gov.br/en

The National Library of Brazil (Portuguese: Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil, official name is Fundação Biblioteca Nacional) is the depository of the bibliographic and documentary heritage of Brazil. It is located in Rio de Janeiro, the capital city of Brazil from 1822 to 1960, more specifically at Cinelândia square.

Considered by UNESCO the largest library in Latin America and the seventh largest in the world, its collections include about 9 million items.[1] It organized the first library science courses in Latin America and its staff has led the modernization of library services, including the development of online databases.[2]

History

The National Library, c. 1920

The history of the National Library began on 1 November 1755, when Lisbon suffered a violent earthquake. The Royal Library was considered one of the most important libraries in Europe at that time. This irreparable loss to the Portuguese was the impetus for moving many of its contents to Brazil. The collection was brought in three stages, the first being in 1810 and two in 1811. The library of 60,000 books was accommodated initially in the upstairs rooms of the Third Order of Carmel Hospital (in accordance with the charter of July 27, 1810), located in the old back street of Carmel close to the Imperial Palace. The facilities, however, were considered inadequate and as well potentially jeopardizing the valuable collection. Therefore, on 29 October 1810, a date that was assigned to the official founding of the National Library, Prince Regent John (later King John VI of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves) issued a decree which provided that a royal library should be established from the funds of the royal treasury.[3]

Expansion

Main entrance to the library

The works for the new building of the library only took place in 1813, when the collection was transferred. While the process of setting up the books, which began in 1810, was taking place the consultation of the library collection could already be carried out by scholars, by royal consent, and in 1814, after the collection of the collection was completed, the consultation was public.

Officially established, the library continued to have a significant expansion through purchases, donations, mainly, and "tips", that is, by the obligatory delivery of a copy of all printed material in the typographic offices of Portugal (By decree of 12 September 1805) and in the Royal Printing, installed in Rio de Janeiro. This legislation on tips was improved over the years and culminated in Decree No. 1,825 of 20 December 1907, commonly called the Legal Deposit Decree, still in force.

Transfer of sovereignty

After the death of Queen Maria I in March 1816, the reign of King John VI began, and it remained in Brazil until 1821, when political circumstances made him return to Lisbon with the royal family, except for his eldest son Prince Pedro de Alcântara of Braganza (future Emperor of Brazil), who came to proclaim the independence of Brazil in 1822. Here also remained the Royal Library. At that time it had grown a lot and, after Independence, in 1822, became property of the Empire of Brazil, because its purchase is included in the Additional Convention to the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance signed between Brazil and Portugal on 29 August 1825. For the goods left in Brazil the royal family was indemnified in two million pounds sterling, of that value, eight hundred contos de reis were destined to the payment of the Royal Library, which was then called the Imperial and Public Library of the Court.

Building

Façade of the current building in 2010

In 1858, the library was transferred to the Passeio street, number 60, in Lapa square, and installed in the building that had the purpose to better shelter its collection. As its collection continued to grow with donations, acquisitions and through legal contributions, purchase of rare art collections at auctions and in bookstores around the world, a new building was needed that best suited its needs.

The constant and permanent growth of the collection of the library was fundamental for the realization of a project of construction of a seat that would attend all the needs of the library, adequately accommodating its collections. Based on this, his current building was designed, which had its cornerstone launched on 15 August 1905, during the government of Rodrigues Alves. The inauguration took place on 29 October 1910, during the Nilo Peçanha government and in the first centenary of the library.

The building of the National Library, whose project is signed by the military engineer Sousa Aguiar, has an eclectic style, in which neoclassical and art nouveau elements are mixed, and contains ornaments by artists such as Eliseu Visconti, Henrique and Rodolfo Bernardelli, Modesto Brocos and Rodolfo Amoedo. Eliseu Visconti, still in 1903, had already designed the ex-libris and the emblem of the National Library.

The library building is located at Rio Branco Avenue, number 219, Cinelândia Square, in the center of Rio de Janeiro, composing with the National Museum of Fine Arts and the Municipal Theater an architectural and cultural ensemble of great value.

Catalog

In 1911, Manoel Cicero Peregrino da Silva started a national union catalog for all Brazilian libraries. He set up the first library science course in South America. Many librarians went on to study in European and North American universities.[4]

Legal deposit

In 1907, Presidential Decree no. 1825[5] established the duty of all publishers to send one copy of each publication to then-called Bibliotheca Nacional. In 2004, this decree was revoked by congressional Law no. 10,994,[6] still in force, upholding the same mandate but updating its provisions.

Article 1st of Law no. 10,994 specifies that the legal deposit's aim is "to ensure the registration and custody of national intellectual production, to allow for the control, development and spreading of current Brazilian bibliography, and to defend and preserve national language and culture."

Significant collections

Among the significant collections of the National Library of Brazil is the Teresa Cristina Maria photograph collection, which includes 21,742 photographs dating from the nineteenth century. These photographs were left to the library by Emperor Pedro II in 1891.[7] This collection has been inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme Register in 2003 in recognition of its world significance and outstanding universal value.[8] It features images related to Brazil's history and people from the 19th century, including photographs by Moritz Lamberg. There are also photographs from Africa, North America, and Europe.[7]

Gallery

  • Photograph of the National Library, c. 1920
    Photograph of the National Library, c. 1920
  • Entrance from the outside
    Entrance from the outside
  • Left wing
    Left wing
  • The Library as seen from the Municipal Theatre
    The Library as seen from the Municipal Theatre
  • The main staircase with a bust of King John VI
    The main staircase with a bust of King John VI
  • Stained glass ceiling
    Stained glass ceiling
  • Entrance Hall
    Entrance Hall
  • Entrance Hall
    Entrance Hall
  • Entrance Hall: ceiling
    Entrance Hall: ceiling
  • Entrance Hall
    Entrance Hall
  • Façade details
    Façade details
  • Ex libris
    Ex libris

List of former directors

(incomplete list)

See also

References

  1. ^ "Fundação Biblioteca Nacional". Archived from the original on 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2012-12-06.
  2. ^ Murray, Stuart A. P. “The Library: An Illustrated History.” New York, NY: Skyhorse Publishing, 2012, p. 277.
  3. ^ Murray, S. (2009). The library : an illustrated history / Stuart A.P. Murray; introduction by Donald G. Davis, Jr.; foreword by Nicholas A. Basbanes. New York, NY : Skyhorse Pub.; Chicago : ALA Editions, 2009.
  4. ^ Wayne A. Wiegand and Donald G Davis, Jr., eds, Encyclopedia of Library History (1994) pp 86=87
  5. ^ "Decree 1825 of 20 December 1907". Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  6. ^ Law 10,994 of 14 December 2004
  7. ^ a b "Old Recife". World Digital Library. 1880. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
  8. ^ "The Emperor's collection: foreign and Brazilian photography in the XIX century". UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. 2008-05-16. Retrieved 2012-12-05.
  9. ^ FONSECA, Edson Nery. A biblioteconomia brasileira no contexto mundial. Rio de Janeiro; INL. 1979. p. 26
  10. ^ Sítio Oficial da BN Digital
  11. ^ ""Blog do Galeno" (Blog Oficial)". Archived from the original on 2014-08-08. Retrieved 2018-01-08.
  12. ^ Nomeados novos presidentes da Biblioteca Nacional e da Funarte. Agência Brasil. Acesso em 5 de outubro de 2016.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Biblioteca Nacional do Brasil.

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