Oenocarpus bataua: Difference between revisions

Oenocarpus bataua
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Clade:	Commelinids
Order:	Arecales
Family:	Arecaceae
Genus:	Oenocarpus
Species:	O. bataua
Binomial name
	Oenocarpus bataua; Mart. 1823
Synonyms
	Jessenia bataua (Mart.) Burret (1929); Oenocarpus batawa Wallace (1853), spelling variation; Jessenia polycarpa H.Karst. (1857); Jessenia oligocarpa Griseb. & H.Wendl. ex Griseb. (1864); Jessenia repanda Engl. (1865); Jessenia weberbaueri Burret (1929); Jessenia oligocarpa Griseb. & H.Wendl. (1864); Oenocarpus oligocarpus (Griseb. & H.Wendl.) Wess.Boer (1965);

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Oenocarpus bataua, the patawa, sehe, hungurahua (Ecuador) or mingucha, is a palm tree native to the Amazon rainforest. The tree produces edible fruits rich in high-quality oil.^[3]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

It is native to the tropical rainforests of South America and is abundant in the wet zones at elevations less than 1,000 m (3,300 ft). Its distribution stretches from Panamá and Trinidad to the Amazon basin (Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru).^[2] Two varieties are recognized:

Oenocarpus bataua var. bataua - Panama and South America
Oenocarpus bataua var. oligocarpus (Griseb. & H.Wendl.) A.J.Hend. - Trinidad, Venezuela, Guianas

In Western Amazonia, O. bataua is one of the top three palm species in both frequency and abundance. It reaches its highest densities in soils of low to intermediate nutrient concentration.^[4] In Colombia, it is usually found in sandy soils with a high organic matter content that are subject to flooding, possibly because there are few other species which compete with it. It can grow extremely well on unflooded soils as witnessed by high-density stands in the pastures of the Colombian Chocó, though it is rarely found on terra firma in the wild since competition from other species is such that it rarely gets the high light levels it needs to set fruit.^[5]

Description[edit]

Its stem is solitary, erect, 10–25 m (33–82 ft) in height and 2–3 dm (8–12 in) diameter, smooth, and ring-shaped. It has 10–16 leaf terminals, petiole 10–50 cm (3.9–19.7 in), rachis 3–7 m (9.8–23.0 ft) long; with leaflets up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long and 15 cm breadth, approximately 100 to each side, placed in the same plane.^[5]

The blossom is 1–2 m (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) long, with about 300 rachilas up to 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) length. The flowers are yellow with sepals 2 mm (0.079 in) and petals 7 mm (0.28 in) long.^[5]

Uses[edit]

Patawa fruits are used for cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical purposes.^[6]

Traditionally indigenous peoples have collected the fruit and matured it in tepid water in order to prepare drinks and also to extract its oil.^[5] Its drupes are 8–10% oil. The rachis have been used to manufacture arrows and the leaves to make baskets and construct provisional housings.^[5] Additionally, Rhynchophorus palmarum larvae are harvested from the palm.^[7]

Oil[edit]

Traditionally, patauá oil is used by Amazonian communities in fried foods. In Bolivia, the oil is known as aceite de majo.^[8]

It is also used in cosmetic production, as it can be used as a tonic to soften the hair.^[9]

The oil is used in traditional medicine to treat cough and bronchitis.^[3]

References[edit]

^ Martius, Carl von. 1823. Historia Naturalis Palmarum II: 23. Lipsiae (Leipzig): T.O. Weigel.
^ ^a ^b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ ^a ^b Vallejo Rendón, Darío 2002. "Oenocarpus bataua, seje"; Colombia Amazónica, separata especies promisorias 1. Corporación Colombiana para la Amazonia –Araracuara- COA.
^ Cámara-Leret, Rodrigo (2017). "Modelling responses of western Amazonian palms to soil nutrients". Journal of Ecology. 105 (2): 367–381. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12708.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Galeano, Gloria 1991. Las palmas de la región del Araracuara. Bogotá: TOPEMBOS - Universidad Nacional. Segunda edición, 1992, p.p. 146-148.
^ Amazonian palm Oenocarpus bataua (“patawa”): chemical and biological antioxidant activity - phytochemical composition. A. Rezaire, J.-C. Robinson, B. Bereau, A. Verbaere, N. Sommerer, M.K. Khan, P. Durand, E. Prost and B. Fils-Lycaon, Food Chemistry, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.077
^ La Rotta, Constanza 1990. Especies utilizadas por la Comunidad Miraña: 296-297. Bogotá: WWF - FEN.
^ Brokamp, Grischa (2015). Relevance and Sustainability of Wild Plant Collection in NW South America: Insights from the Plant Families Arecaceae and Krameriaceae. Wiesbaden: Springer Spektrum. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-08696-1. ISBN 978-3-658-08695-4. S2CID 30557398.
^ Pataua.

External links[edit]

Data related to Oenocarpus bataua at Wikispecies

[1] Martius, Carl von. 1823. Historia Naturalis Palmarum II: 23. Lipsiae (Leipzig): T.O. Weigel.

[wcsp-2] Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

[vallejo-3] Vallejo Rendón, Darío 2002. "Oenocarpus bataua, seje"; Colombia Amazónica, separata especies promisorias 1. Corporación Colombiana para la Amazonia –Araracuara- COA.

[4] Cámara-Leret, Rodrigo (2017). "Modelling responses of western Amazonian palms to soil nutrients". Journal of Ecology. 105 (2): 367–381. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12708.

[galeano-5] Galeano, Gloria 1991. Las palmas de la región del Araracuara. Bogotá: TOPEMBOS - Universidad Nacional. Segunda edición, 1992, p.p. 146-148.

[6] Amazonian palm Oenocarpus bataua (“patawa”): chemical and biological antioxidant activity - phytochemical composition. A. Rezaire, J.-C. Robinson, B. Bereau, A. Verbaere, N. Sommerer, M.K. Khan, P. Durand, E. Prost and B. Fils-Lycaon, Food Chemistry, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.077

[7] La Rotta, Constanza 1990. Especies utilizadas por la Comunidad Miraña: 296-297. Bogotá: WWF - FEN.

[Brokamp-2015-8] Brokamp, Grischa (2015). Relevance and Sustainability of Wild Plant Collection in NW South America: Insights from the Plant Families Arecaceae and Krameriaceae. Wiesbaden: Springer Spektrum. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-08696-1. ISBN 978-3-658-08695-4. S2CID 30557398.

[9] Pataua.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of palm}}
-{{italic title}}
+{{Speciesbox
-{{taxobox
-| name = ''Oenocarpus bataua''
 | image = Oenocarpus bataua.jpg
-| regnum = [[Plantae]]
+| genus = Oenocarpus
+| species = bataua
-| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
+| authority = [[Mart.]] 1823<ref>Martius, Carl von. 1823. ''Historia Naturalis Palmarum'' II: 23. Lipsiae (Leipzig): T.O. Weigel.</ref>
-| unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
+| synonyms_ref = <ref name=wcsp/>
-| unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]]
+| synonyms = *''Jessenia bataua'' <small>(Mart.) Burret (1929)</small>
-| ordo = [[Arecales]]
-| familia = [[Arecaceae]]
-| tribus = [[Areceae]]
-| subtribus = [[Euterpeinae]]
-| genus = ''[[Oenocarpus]]''
-| species = '''''O. bataua'''''
-| binomial = ''Oenocarpus bataua''
-| binomial_authority = [[Mart.]] 1823<ref>Martius, Carl von. 1823. ''Historia Naturalis Palmarum'' II: 23. Lipsiae (Leipzig): T.O. Weigel.</ref>
-| synonyms_ref=<ref name=uiuouiouoiuioiojojsdoajfoisjaioj/>
-|synonyms=*''Jessenia bataua'' <small>(Mart.) Burret (1929)</small>
 *''Oenocarpus batawa'' <small>[[Alfred Russel Wallace|Wallace]] (1853), spelling variation</small>
 *''Jessenia polycarpa'' <small>[[H.Karst.]] (1857)</small>
 *''Jessenia oligocarpa'' <small>[[Griseb.]] & [[H.Wendl.]] ex Griseb. (1864)</small>
-*''Jessenia repanda'' <small>[[Engl.]] (1865)</small>
+*''Jessenia repanda'' <small>[[Adolf Engler|Engl.]] (1865)</small>
 *''Jessenia weberbaueri'' <small>Burret (1929)</small>
 *''Jessenia oligocarpa'' <small>Griseb. & H.Wendl.</small> (1864)
@@ Line 26: / Line 16: @@
 }}
-The '''patawa''', '''sehe''', '''hungurahua''' (Ecuador) or '''mingucha''' (''Oenocarpus bataua'' or ''Jessenia bataua'') is a [[Arecaceae|palm tree]] native to the [[Amazonia]], that produces edible fruits rich in high quality oil.<ref name="vallejo">Vallejo Rendón, Darío 2002. "Oenocarpus bataua, seje"; ''Colombia Amazónica'', separata especies promisorias 1. Corporación Colombiana para la Amazonia –Araracuara- COA.</ref>
+'''''Oenocarpus bataua''''', the '''patawa''', '''sehe''', '''hungurahua''' (Ecuador) or '''mingucha''', is a [[Arecaceae|palm tree]] native to the [[Amazon rainforest]]. The tree produces edible fruits rich in high-quality oil.<ref name="vallejo">Vallejo Rendón, Darío 2002. "Oenocarpus bataua, seje"; ''Colombia Amazónica'', separata especies promisorias 1. Corporación Colombiana para la Amazonia –Araracuara- COA.</ref>
-== Distribution and habitat==
+==Distribution and habitat==
-It is native to the tropical [[rainforest]] and is abundant in the wet zones at elevations less than {{convert|1000|m|abbr=on}}, from [[Panamá]], [[Trinidad]], and northern  [[South America]] ([[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Guianas]], [[Brazil]], [[Bolivia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]]).<ref name=uiuouiouoiuioiojojsdoajfoisjaioj>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=138049 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> Two varieties are recognized:
+It is native to the tropical [[rainforest]]s of South America and is abundant in the wet zones at elevations less than {{convert|1000|m|abbr=on}}. Its distribution stretches from [[Panamá]] and [[Trinidad]] to the [[Amazon basin]] ([[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Guianas]], [[Brazil]], [[Bolivia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]]).<ref name=wcsp>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=138049 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref> Two varieties are recognized:
 #''Oenocarpus bataua'' var. ''bataua'' - Panama and South America
 #''Oenocarpus bataua'' var. ''oligocarpus'' <small>(Griseb. & H.Wendl.) A.J.Hend.</small> - Trinidad, Venezuela, Guianas
-It is usually found in sandy soils with a high organic matter content that are subsequent to flooding, possibly because there are few other species which compete with it. It can grow extremely well on unflooded soils as witnessed by high-density stands in the pastures of the Colombian Chocó, though it is rarely found on terra firma in the wild since competition from other species is such that it rarely gets the high light levels it needs to set fruit.<ref name="galeano"/>
+In Western Amazonia, ''O. bataua'' is one of the top three palm species in both frequency and abundance. It reaches its highest densities in soils of low to intermediate nutrient concentration.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cámara-Leret|first=Rodrigo|date=2017|title=Modelling responses of western Amazonian palms to soil nutrients|journal=Journal of Ecology|volume=105|issue=2|pages=367–381|doi=10.1111/1365-2745.12708|doi-access=free}}</ref> In Colombia, it is usually found in sandy soils with a high organic matter content that are subject to flooding, possibly because there are few other species which compete with it. It can grow extremely well on unflooded soils as witnessed by high-density stands in the pastures of the Colombian Chocó, though it is rarely found on terra firma in the wild since competition from other species is such that it rarely gets the high light levels it needs to set fruit.<ref name="galeano"/>
-== Description ==
+==Description==
 Its stem is solitary, erect, {{convert|10|-|25|m|ft|abbr=on}} in height and {{convert|2|-|3|dm|in|0|abbr=on}} diameter, smooth, and ring-shaped. It has 10–16 leaf terminals, [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] {{convert|10–50|cm|abbr=on}}, [[rachis]] {{convert|3–7|m|abbr=on}} long; with [[leaflet (botany)|leaflets]] up to {{convert|2|m|abbr=on}} long and 15&nbsp;cm breadth, approximately 100 to each side, placed in the same plane.<ref name="galeano">Galeano, Gloria 1991. ''Las palmas de la región del Araracuara''. Bogotá: TOPEMBOS - Universidad Nacional. Segunda edición, 1992, p.p. 146-148.</ref>
 The blossom is {{convert|1–2|m|abbr=on}} long, with about 300 rachilas up to {{convert|1.3|m|abbr=on}} length. The flowers are yellow with [[sepal]]s {{convert|2|mm|abbr=on}} and [[petal]]s {{convert|7|mm|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="galeano"/>
-== Uses ==
+==Uses==
-Patawa fruits are a resource for cosmetics, food and pharmaceuticals purposes.<ref>Amazonian palm Oenocarpus bataua (“patawa”): chemical and biological antioxidant activity - phytochemical composition. A. Rezaire, J.-C. Robinson, B. Bereau, A. Verbaere, N. Sommerer, M.K. Khan, P. Durand, E. Prost and B. Fils-Lycaon, Food Chemistry, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, {{doi|10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.077}}</ref>
+Patawa fruits are used for cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical purposes.<ref>Amazonian palm Oenocarpus bataua (“patawa”): chemical and biological antioxidant activity - phytochemical composition. A. Rezaire, J.-C. Robinson, B. Bereau, A. Verbaere, N. Sommerer, M.K. Khan, P. Durand, E. Prost and B. Fils-Lycaon, Food Chemistry, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, {{doi|10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.10.077}}</ref>
-Traditionally indigenous peoples have collected the fruit and matured it in tepid water in order to prepare drinks and also to extract its oil.<ref name="galeano"/> Its [[drupe]]s are 8–10% oil. The fresh ''[[meolo (botany)|meolo]]''<!--make it a red link, needs clarification--> is edible too.
+Traditionally indigenous peoples have collected the fruit and matured it in tepid water in order to prepare drinks and also to extract its oil.<ref name="galeano"/> Its [[drupe]]s are 8–10% oil. The rachis have been used to manufacture arrows and the leaves to make baskets and construct provisional housings.<ref name="galeano"/> Additionally, ''[[Rhynchophorus palmarum]]'' [[larva]]e are harvested from the palm.<ref>La Rotta, Constanza 1990. ''Especies utilizadas por la Comunidad Miraña'': 296-297. Bogotá: WWF - FEN.</ref>
-Additionally, ''[[Rhynchophorus]]'' [[larva]] are harvested from the palm. <ref>La Rotta, Constanza 1990. ''Especies utilizadas por la Comunidad Miraña'': 296-297. Bogotá: WWF - FEN.</ref>
-[[File:Pataua1.JPG|thumb | Virgim oil of Pataua | Oil Pataua]]
+[[File:Pataua1.JPG|thumb|Pataua oil]]
 ==Oil==
+Traditionally, patauá oil is used by Amazonian communities in fried foods. In Bolivia, the oil is known as ''aceite de majo''.<ref name="Brokamp-2015">{{cite book |last=Brokamp |first=Grischa |date=2015 |title=Relevance and Sustainability of Wild Plant Collection in NW South America: Insights from the Plant Families Arecaceae and Krameriaceae |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783658086954 |location=Wiesbaden |publisher=Springer Spektrum |doi=10.1007/978-3-658-08696-1 |isbn=978-3-658-08695-4|s2cid=30557398 }}</ref>
+It is also used in cosmetic production, as it can be used as a tonic to soften the hair.<ref>[http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BShanley1001/203_208.pdf Pataua].</ref>
-Traditionally, patauá oil is used by Amazonian communities in fried foods.
+The oil is used in traditional medicine to treat cough and [[bronchitis]].<ref name="vallejo"/>
-It is also used in cosmetic production because it can be used as a tonic to soften the hair. A famous researcher who lived in a village Kayapó said that the indigenous peoples were their most beautiful, nourished and healthy during the fruiting season.<ref>Pataua. http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BShanley1001/203_208.pdf</ref>
+==References==
-The oil is used in traditional medicine to treat cough and bronchitis<ref name="vallejo"/> and to fortify the hair.
+{{Reflist}}
+==External links==
-The rachis have been used to manufacture arrows and the leaves to make baskets and construct provisional housings.<ref name="galeano"/>
+* {{Wikispecies inline}}
-In the future, this palm could be industrialized for oil production,<ref name="vallejo"/> because of its quality, its adaptation in poor soils, and its abundant production of fruits.
-== References ==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q2709536}}
-== External links ==
-* {{wikispecies inline}}
 [[Category:Oenocarpus|bataua]]
 [[Category:Flora of Panama]]
-[[Category:Flora of South America]]
+[[Category:Flora of Southern America]]
 [[Category:Flora of Trinidad and Tobago]]
 [[Category:Medicinal plants]]
 [[Category:Plants described in 1823]]
 [[Category:Trees of Peru]]
+[[Category:Edible palms]]
+[[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]]