Oenocarpus
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Oenocarpus distichus , illustration |
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| Mart. |
Oenocarpus is a palm genus native to Central and South America. It is characterized by ponytail-shaped inflorescences.
features
The representatives are medium-sized to massive, single or multi-stemmed, unreinforced palms. You are monocial . The trunk is erect, densely covered with fibrous leaf sheaths and becomes bare with age. The leaf scars are smooth.
The chromosome number is 2n = 36.
leaves
The leaves are pinnate or completely two-part. They are spirally or in two rows (distich). They are more upright when young, spread out when fully grown. The leaf sheaths do not form a clear crown shaft. On the side opposite the petiole, the sheaths split. They are thick and leathery. The petiole is short, with a groove on the top and round on the underside. The leaflets can be covered with various types of scales and hairs on the underside.
Inflorescences
The inflorescences are in the bud stage between the leaves, then later under the leaves. They are shaped like a horse's tail. They are branched once. The peduncle is short or long, flattened and hairy. The cover sheet is short, wide, two-keeled, tearing abaxially and with a broadly serrated edge. The bract on the peduncle is much longer than the cover sheet, round and beaked. The inflorescence axis is longer than the stalk, but still rather short. The side branches standing on it are flexible, drooping and slender. They have triads of flowers at the base, paired or single male flowers above.
blossoms
The male flowers are asymmetrical and pointed at the bud stage. The three sepals are not fused or fused briefly at the base. The petals are not overgrown, oval and somewhat asymmetrical. There are - depending on the species - 6 or 9 to 20 stamens , their filaments are round, slender, the anthers elongated, arrow-shaped below, rounded above and blunt. The anthers are dorsifix, the connective does not extend beyond the anthers. The anthers stand latrors . The pollen grains are ellipsoidal and slightly to clearly asymmetrical. Its longest axis is 38 to 56 micrometers long.
The female flowers are shorter than the male. The three sepals are not fused, almost circular and dome-shaped. The three petals are also not fused. The staminodes are tooth-like or absent. The pistil is egg-shaped, with a short stalk, single-fan with an ovule . The stylus is short cylindrical and carries three fleshy scars that are bent back in the heyday.
fruit
The fruits are ellipsoidal to spherical, dark purple when ripe. The inflorescence remains on the fruit, the remains of the stigma are apical. The exocarp is smooth or with tiny humps, and waxy. The mesocarp is fleshy and oily, there are fibers towards the seed. One endocarp is missing. The one seed per fruit is ovoid-ellipsoidal to spherical. The scar (hilum) is basal, the raphe laterally. The endosperm can be homogeneous or ruminate (furrowed) and has a central cavity. The embryo sits basally, is very large and extends through the endosperm into the central cavity.
Distribution and locations
The genus occurs in the area of the Amazon and Orinoco rivers , in Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana, in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia. In the north the area extends to Costa Rica and Panama.
Systematics
The genus Oenocarpus Mart. is placed within the palm family in the subfamily Arecoideae , Tribus Euterpeae . Neonicholsonia and Prestoea are discussed as sister groups . The monophyly of the genus has not been investigated.
Govaerts and Dransfield accepted nine species in the 2005 World Checklist of Palms :
- Oenocarpus bacaba Mart. : The home is tropical South America.
- Oenocarpus balickii F.Kahn : The home is the western Brazilian state of Amazonas .
- Oenocarpus bataua Mart. : The home is Panama, Trinidad and tropical South America. It comes in two varieties.
- Oenocarpus circumtextus Mart. : The homeland is the Brazilian state of Amazonas and southeastern Colombia.
- Oenocarpus distichus Mart. : The homeland is Brazil, Bolivia and Peru.
- Oenocarpus makeru R.Bernal, Galeano & AJHend. : The homeland is southeastern Colombia.
- Oenocarpus mapora H. Karst. : The home is Costa Rica, Panama and tropical South America.
- Oenocarpus minor Mart. : The homeland is south-eastern Colombia and northern Brazil.
- Oenocarpus simplex R.Bernal, Galeano & AJHend. : The homeland is the Brazilian state of Amazonas and southeastern Colombia.
In 1999 Henderson added the genus Jessenia to the genus Oenocarpus , which was followed by Dransfield and colleagues in 2008 in the second edition of Genera Palmarum .
The generic name Oenocarpus is derived from the ancient Greek words wine and fruit and refers to the production of beverages from the fruits.
use
Oil is extracted from the pericarp of the fruit and a creamy drink is made from the mesocarp. The palm hearts are eaten. Lumber and spears are extracted from the trunks.
supporting documents
- John Dransfield, Natalie W. Uhl, Conny B. Asmussen, William J. Baker, Madeline M. Harley, Carl E. Lewis: Genera Palmarum. The Evolution and Classification of Palms . Second edition, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2008, ISBN 978-1-84246-182-2 , pp. 467-469.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Oenocarpus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 23, 2009.
Web links
- Oenocarpus on the homepage of the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden