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{{Italic title}}{{Taxobox
<!-- This article was auto-generated by [[User:Polbot]]. -->
⚫
| name = ''Oxera''
{{taxobox
|image = Oxera_neriifolia_waters.jpg
| image = Oxera_neriifolia_waters.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Oxera neriifolia]]''
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| unranked_divisio = [[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]]
|ordo = [[Lamiales]]
| ordo = [[Lamiales]]
|familia = [[Lamiaceae]]
| familia = [[Lamiaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Teucrioideae]]
⚫
|genus = '''''Oxera'''''
| genus = '''''Oxera'''''
|genus_authority =
| genus_authority = [[Jacques Labillardière|Labill.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Species
| type_species = ''[[Oxera pulchella]]''
|subdivision = See text
| type_species_authority = Labill.
|}}
}}
'''''Oxera''''' is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Mentha|mint]] family, [[Lamiaceae]].<ref>http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Lamiaceae/Oxera/</ref>
'''''Oxera''''' is a genus of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Lamiaceae|Labiatae / Lamiaceae]] endemic to the [[South Pacific]], chiefly the [[New Caledonia]] archipelago. It comprises 21 species of [[tree]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[liana]]s, only one of which is native to an island outside New Caledonia – ''[[Oxera vanuatuensis|O.&nbsp;vanuatuensis]]'' from [[Vanuatu]].


==Description==
Species include:
[[File:Oxera puchella.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Oxera pulchella]]'']]
Species of ''Oxera'' show a variety of growth forms, including [[liana]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s.<ref name="synopsis"/><ref name="Harley">{{cite book |series=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants |volume=7 |title=Flowering plants, Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae) |editor=J. W. Kadereit |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-3-540-40593-1 |author=R. M. Harley, S. Atkins, A. L. Budantsev, P. D. Cantino, B. J. Conn, R. Grayer, M. M. Harley, R. de Kok, T. Krestovskaja, R. Morales, A. J. Paton, O. Ryding, T. Upson |chapter=Labiatae |pages=167–275 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kcSZriBQGp4C&pg=PA196}}</ref> The leaves are simple, and are petiolate (on short stalks), except in ''[[Oxera sessilifolia|O.&nbsp;sessilifolia]]'',<ref name="synopsis"/><ref name="Harley"/> with entire or occasionally sinuate (wavy) edges.<ref name="Harley"/>


The [[inflorescence]]s are loose [[thyrse]]s of flowers, growing from leaf axils (axillary) or directly from the stem ([[cauliflory]]).<ref name="synopsis"/><ref name="Harley"/> The flowers are large, conspicuous and bisexual; the [[calyx (botany)|calyx]] is actinomorphic (rotationally symmetrical), but the [[corolla (botany)|corolla]] is zygomorphic, sometimes strongly so.<ref name="synopsis"/><ref name="Harley"/> Although some species have four [[stamen]]s in each flower, they are usually reduced in number with two stamens, usually the posterior pair, forming [[staminode]]s instead.<ref name="synopsis"/><ref name="Harley"/>
⚫
* ''[[Oxera cauliflora]]'' <small>Deplanche ex Dubard</small>
⚫
* ''[[Oxera crassifolia]]'' <small>[[André Guillaumin|Guillaumin]]</small>
⚫
* ''[[Oxera macrocalyx]]'' <small>Dubard</small>
⚫
* ''[[Oxera nuda]]'' <small>Virot</small>


==Distribution==
⚫
{{Reflist}}
Twenty of the twenty-one species are found on the island of [[Grande Terre (New Caledonia)|Grande Terre]] (the main island of [[New Caledonia]]). Three species occur on the adjacent island of [[Isle of Pines (New Caledonia)|Île des Pins]], two on [[Lifou]] and one on [[Maré]] in the [[Loyalty Islands]], and two on [[Vanuatu]] (including one [[introduced species]]).<ref name="synopsis"/>


''[[Oxera vanuatuensis]]'' is only known from Vanuatu, where it is only known from [[plant cultivation|cultivated]] specimens.<ref name="synopsis"/> Villagers on [[Pentecost Island]] (and their descendants on [[Maewo]] call the tree ''harongmau'', and [[Plant propagation|propagate]] the species by planting seeds, transplanting seedlings or taking [[Cutting (plant)|cuttings]].<ref name="synopsis"/> The plant is thought to treat illnesses caused by [[black magic]], and profuse flowering from the trunk is thought to foretell a good harvest of [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]].<ref name="synopsis"/>
⚫
[[Category:Oxera| ]]
{{commons category}}
{{wikispecies}}


==Species==
{{Lamiaceae-stub}}
Twenty-one species are recognised in the genus ''Oxera'', in five informal [[species group]]s:<ref name="synopsis"/>{{#tag:ref|All species are endemic to Grande Terre unless otherwise noted. Conservation statuses follow the [[IUCN Red List]]: EN = [[endangered species]]; VU = [[vulnerable species]]; LC = [[Least Concern]].|group=Note}}
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
;''baladica'' group
*''[[Oxera baladica]]'' <small>Vieill.</small>
⚫
*''[[Oxera sessilifolia]]'' <small>Dubard</small>
*''[[Oxera subverticillata]]'' <small>Vieill.</small>
*''[[Oxera vanuatuensis]]'' <small>de Kok</small> – [[Vanuatu]]
;''robusta'' group
⚫
*''[[Oxera coriacea]]'' <small>Dubard</small>
⚫
*''[[Oxera coronata]]'' <small>de Kok</small>
*''[[Oxera palmatinervia]]'' <small>Dubard</small>
*''[[Oxera robusta]]'' <small>Vieill.</small>
;''pulchella'' group
*''[[Oxera balansae]]'' <small>Dubard</small> – Grande Terre, Île des Pins, Lifou [[File:Status_iucn_EN_icon.svg|24px|EN]]<ref>{{IUCN2010 |assessors=V. Hecquet |year=2010 |id=177880 |title=Oxera balansae |version=2011.2 |downloaded=June 6, 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Oxera brevicalyx]]'' <small>(Moldenke) de Kok</small>
*''[[Oxera crassifolia]]'' <small>Virot</small> [[File:Status_iucn_LC_icon.svg|24px|LC]]<ref>{{IUCN2010 |assessors=T. Jaffré ''et al.'' |year=1998 |id=31149 |title=Oxera crassifolia |version=2011.2 |downloaded=June 6, 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Oxera morierei]]'' <small>Vieill.</small>
*''[[Oxera pulchella]]'' <small>Labill.</small> [[File:Status_iucn_LC_icon.svg|24px|LC]]<ref>{{IUCN2010 |assessors=V. Hecquet |year=2010 |id=177875 |title=Oxera pulchella |version=2011.2 |downloaded=June 6, 2012}}</ref>
;''sulfurea'' group
*''[[Oxera gmelinoides]]'' <small>S. Moore</small>
⚫
*''[[Oxera microcalyx]]'' <small>Guillaumin</small>
*''[[Oxera rugosa]]'' <small><small>Guillaumin</small>
*''[[Oxera sulfurea]]'' <small>Dubard</small> – Grand Terre, Île des Pins, Lifou, Maré
;''macrocalyx'' group
*''[[Oxera glandulosa]]'' <small>Vieill.</small> – New Caledonia, Île des Pins
*''[[Oxera neriifolia]]'' <small>(Montrouz.) Beauvis.</small> {{#tag:ref|Although "''O.&nbsp;neriifolia''" was treated as a ''{{lang|la|[[nomen dubium]]}}'' by de Kok (1999),<ref name="synopsis"/> it has since been accepted as the valid name for the species named "''Oxera inodora''" by de Kok.<ref>{{cite book |author=[[David Mabberley|D. J. Mabberley]] & R. P. J. de Kok |chapter=Labiatae |year=2004 |series=Flore de la Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances |volume=25 |title=Hippocrateaceae, Labiatae, Vitaceae |pages=20–141 |publisher=Association de Botanique Tropicale |isbn=978-2-85654-219-4}}</ref>|group=Note}}
*''[[Oxera macrocalyx]]'' <small>Dubard</small> [[File:Status_iucn_VU_icon.svg|24px|VU]]<ref>{{IUCN2010 |assessors=T. Jaffré ''et al.'' |year=1998 |id=37427 |title=Oxera macrocalyx |version=2011.2 |downloaded=June 6, 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Oxera oreophila]]'' <small><small>Guillaumin</small>
{{div col end}}

==Taxonomic history==
The genus ''Oxera'' was erected by [[Jacques Labillardière]] in 1824, based on a single specimen that he had collected in New Caledonia.<ref name="synopsis">{{cite journal |author=R. P. J. de Kok & [David Mabberley|D. J. Mabberley]] |year=1999 |title=A synopsis of ''Oxera'' Labill. (Labiatae) |journal=[[Kew Bulletin]] |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=265–300 |jstor=4115808}}</ref> The closest relative of ''Oxera'' is the genus ''[[Faradaya]]'', and the two genera were once united as the tribe Oxereae.<ref name="synopsis"/> Collectively, they are the [[sister group]] to a clade containing ''[[Clerodendrum]]'' and a number of [[Segregate (taxonomy)|segregate genera]] such as ''[[Kalaharia (plant)|Kalaharia]]'', ''[[Huxleya]]'', ''[[Amasonia]]'' and ''[[Tetraclea]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dorothy A. Steane, Rogier P.J. de Kok & Richard G. Olmstead |year=2010 |title=Phylogenetic relationships between ''Clerodendrum'' (Lamiaceae) and other Ajugoid genera inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data |journal=[[Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=39–45 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.011 |pmid=15186795 |url=http://depts.washington.edu/phylo/OlmsteadPubs/Steane.2004.MPE.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Yao-Wu Yuan, [[David Mabberley|David J. Mabberley]], Dorothy A. Steane & Richard G. Olmstead |year=2010 |title=Further disintegration and redefinition of ''Clerodendrum'' (Lamiaceae): implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy |journal=[[Taxon (journal)|Taxon]] |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=125–133 |url=http://depts.washington.edu/phylo/OlmsteadPubs/Yuan_et_al_2010.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]}}</ref> Both genera are now treated as members of the tribe [[Teucrioideae]], following work published by Philip D. Cantino in 1992.<ref name="synopsis"/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
⚫
{{Reflist|32em}}

⚫
[[Category:Lamiaceae]]
[[Category:Eudicot genera]]
[[Category:Flora of New Caledonia]]


[[az:Oxera]]
[[az:Oxera]]

Revision as of 08:04, 9 June 2012

Oxera
File:Oxera neriifolia waters.jpg
Oxera neriifolia
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Lamiales
Family:
Lamiaceae
Subfamily:
Teucrioideae
Genus:
Oxera

Type species
Oxera pulchella
Labill.

Oxera is a genus of flowering plants in the family Labiatae / Lamiaceae endemic to the South Pacific, chiefly the New Caledonia archipelago. It comprises 21 species of trees, shrubs and lianas, only one of which is native to an island outside New Caledonia – O. vanuatuensis from Vanuatu.

Description

Oxera pulchella

Species of Oxera show a variety of growth forms, including lianas, shrubs and trees.[1][2] The leaves are simple, and are petiolate (on short stalks), except in O. sessilifolia,[1][2] with entire or occasionally sinuate (wavy) edges.[2]

The inflorescences are loose thyrses of flowers, growing from leaf axils (axillary) or directly from the stem (cauliflory).[1][2] The flowers are large, conspicuous and bisexual; the calyx is actinomorphic (rotationally symmetrical), but the corolla is zygomorphic, sometimes strongly so.[1][2] Although some species have four stamens in each flower, they are usually reduced in number with two stamens, usually the posterior pair, forming staminodes instead.[1][2]

Distribution

Twenty of the twenty-one species are found on the island of Grande Terre (the main island of New Caledonia). Three species occur on the adjacent island of Île des Pins, two on Lifou and one on Maré in the Loyalty Islands, and two on Vanuatu (including one introduced species).[1]

Oxera vanuatuensis is only known from Vanuatu, where it is only known from cultivated specimens.[1] Villagers on Pentecost Island (and their descendants on Maewo call the tree harongmau, and propagate the species by planting seeds, transplanting seedlings or taking cuttings.[1] The plant is thought to treat illnesses caused by black magic, and profuse flowering from the trunk is thought to foretell a good harvest of yams.[1]

Species

Twenty-one species are recognised in the genus Oxera, in five informal species groups:[1][Note 1]

baladica group
robusta group
pulchella group
sulfurea group
macrocalyx group

Taxonomic history

The genus Oxera was erected by Jacques Labillardière in 1824, based on a single specimen that he had collected in New Caledonia.[1] The closest relative of Oxera is the genus Faradaya, and the two genera were once united as the tribe Oxereae.[1] Collectively, they are the sister group to a clade containing Clerodendrum and a number of segregate genera such as Kalaharia, Huxleya, Amasonia and Tetraclea.[8][9] Both genera are now treated as members of the tribe Teucrioideae, following work published by Philip D. Cantino in 1992.[1]

Notes

  1. ^ All species are endemic to Grande Terre unless otherwise noted. Conservation statuses follow the IUCN Red List: EN = endangered species; VU = vulnerable species; LC = Least Concern.
  2. ^ Although "O. neriifolia" was treated as a nomen dubium by de Kok (1999),[1] it has since been accepted as the valid name for the species named "Oxera inodora" by de Kok.[6]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n R. P. J. de Kok & [David Mabberley (1999). "A synopsis of Oxera Labill. (Labiatae)". Kew Bulletin. 54 (2): 265–300. JSTOR 4115808. {{cite journal}}: Text "D. J. Mabberley]]" ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f R. M. Harley, S. Atkins, A. L. Budantsev, P. D. Cantino, B. J. Conn, R. Grayer, M. M. Harley, R. de Kok, T. Krestovskaja, R. Morales, A. J. Paton, O. Ryding, T. Upson (2004). "Labiatae". In J. W. Kadereit (ed.). Flowering plants, Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. 7. Springer. pp. 167–275. ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Template:IUCN2010
  4. ^ Template:IUCN2010
  5. ^ Template:IUCN2010
  6. ^ D. J. Mabberley & R. P. J. de Kok (2004). "Labiatae". Hippocrateaceae, Labiatae, Vitaceae. Flore de la Nouvelle-Caledonie et Dependances. Vol. 25. Association de Botanique Tropicale. pp. 20–141. ISBN 978-2-85654-219-4.
  7. ^ Template:IUCN2010
  8. ^ Dorothy A. Steane, Rogier P.J. de Kok & Richard G. Olmstead (2010). "Phylogenetic relationships between Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae) and other Ajugoid genera inferred from nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequence data" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 32 (1): 39–45. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.011. PMID 15186795.
  9. ^ Yao-Wu Yuan, David J. Mabberley, Dorothy A. Steane & Richard G. Olmstead (2010). "Further disintegration and redefinition of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy" (PDF). Taxon. 59 (1): 125–133.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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