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'''''Phoma''''' is a [[genus]] of common coelomycetous soil [[fungus|fungi]]. It contains many [[plant pathogen]]ic species. About 140 Phoma taxa have been defined and recognized<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |author=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford |year=2008|page=524|isbn=0-85199-826-7}}</ref> which may be divided into two large groups: (i) plurivorous fungi, generally [[saprobic]] or weakly [[parasitic]], mainly from [[temperate]] regions in Eurasia, but occasionally also found in other parts of the world (including areas with cool or warm climates); and (ii) specific pathogens of cultivated plants.<ref>Van der Aa HA, Noordeloos ME, de Gruyter J. (1990). Species concepts in some larger genera of the Coelomycetes. ''Studies in Mycology'' '''32''': 3–19.</ref>


'''''Phoma''''' is a [[genus]] of common coelomycetous soil [[fungus|fungi]]. It contains many [[plant pathogen]]ic species.

== Description ==
[[Spores]] are colorless and [[unicellular]]. The [[pycnidia]] are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. ''Phoma'' is arbitrarily limited to those species in which the spores are less than 15&nbsp;[[micrometre|µm]] as the larger spored forms have been placed in the genus ''[[Macrophoma]]''. The most important species include ''[[Phoma beta]]'' which is the cause of the heart rot and blight of beets, ''[[Phoma batata]]'' that produces a dry rot of sweet potato, and ''[[Phoma solani]]''. <ref Name="Harshberger">{{cite book
[[Spores]] are colorless and [[unicellular]]. The [[pycnidia]] are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. ''Phoma'' is arbitrarily limited to those species in which the spores are less than 15&nbsp;[[micrometre|µm]] as the larger spored forms have been placed in the genus ''[[Macrophoma]]''. The most important species include ''[[Phoma beta]]'' which is the cause of the heart rot and blight of beets, ''[[Phoma batata]]'' that produces a dry rot of sweet potato, and ''[[Phoma solani]]''. <ref Name="Harshberger">{{cite book
| last =Harshberger
| last =Harshberger
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| doi =
| doi =
| id = January 12, 2008 }}</ref>
| id = January 12, 2008 }}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
About 140 ''Phoma'' taxa have been defined and recognized<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |author=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. |title=Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed |publisher=CABI |location=Wallingford
⚫
|year=2008|page=524|isbn=0-85199-826-7}}</ref> which may be divided into two large groups: (i) plurivorous fungi, generally [[saprobic]] or weakly [[parasitic]], mainly from [[temperate]] regions in Eurasia, but occasionally also found in other parts of the world (including areas with cool or warm climates); and (ii) specific pathogens of cultivated plants.<ref>Van der Aa HA, Noordeloos ME, de Gruyter J. (1990). Species concepts in some larger genera of the Coelomycetes. ''Studies in Mycology'' '''32''': 3–19.</ref> However other estimates place the number of taxa closer to 3000, making it one of the largest fungal genera.(Avescamp 2010)

Traditionally nine sections (''Phoma'', ''Heterospora'', ''Macrospora'', ''Paraphoma'', ''Peyronellaea'', ''Phyllostictoides'', ''Pilosa'', ''Plenodomus'' and ''Sclerophomella'') as described by Boerema (1997) have been recognised on morphological grounds. The number of taxa in each section varied widely, from 2 (''Pilosa'') to 70 (''Phoma''). Section Phoma itself was considered [[incertae sedis]].(Avescamp 2010)

However phylogenetic studies suggest the genus is highly polyphyletic containing six distinct clades. Furthermore taxa identified as ''Phoma'' have been identified across several different families within [[Pleosporales]], but most within [[Didymellaceae]] (type genus ''[[Didymella]]''). Furthermore the Didymellaceae segregate into 18 clusters allowing many taxa to be distributed into separate genera.(Avescamp 2010)


==Species==
==Species==

Revision as of 04:44, 21 November 2014

Phoma
Phoma exigua spores
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Dothideomycetes
Subclass:
Pleosporomycetidae
Order:
Pleosporales
Family:
Incertae sedis
Genus:
Phoma

(Saccardo, 1880)[1]
Type species
Phoma herbarum

Phoma is a genus of common coelomycetous soil fungi. It contains many plant pathogenic species.

Description

Spores are colorless and unicellular. The pycnidia are black and depressed in the tissues of the host. Phoma is arbitrarily limited to those species in which the spores are less than 15 µm as the larger spored forms have been placed in the genus Macrophoma. The most important species include Phoma beta which is the cause of the heart rot and blight of beets, Phoma batata that produces a dry rot of sweet potato, and Phoma solani. [2]

Taxonomy

About 140 Phoma taxa have been defined and recognized[3] which may be divided into two large groups: (i) plurivorous fungi, generally saprobic or weakly parasitic, mainly from temperate regions in Eurasia, but occasionally also found in other parts of the world (including areas with cool or warm climates); and (ii) specific pathogens of cultivated plants.[4] However other estimates place the number of taxa closer to 3000, making it one of the largest fungal genera.(Avescamp 2010)

Traditionally nine sections (Phoma, Heterospora, Macrospora, Paraphoma, Peyronellaea, Phyllostictoides, Pilosa, Plenodomus and Sclerophomella) as described by Boerema (1997) have been recognised on morphological grounds. The number of taxa in each section varied widely, from 2 (Pilosa) to 70 (Phoma). Section Phoma itself was considered incertae sedis.(Avescamp 2010)

However phylogenetic studies suggest the genus is highly polyphyletic containing six distinct clades. Furthermore taxa identified as Phoma have been identified across several different families within Pleosporales, but most within Didymellaceae (type genus Didymella). Furthermore the Didymellaceae segregate into 18 clusters allowing many taxa to be distributed into separate genera.(Avescamp 2010)

Species

Species include:

References

  1. ^ "Integrated Taxonomic Information System" (web). www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
  2. ^ Harshberger, John William (1917). A Text-book of Mycology and Plant Pathology. Original from the University of Michigan: P. Blakiston's son & co. pp. page 261–262. January 12, 2008. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  3. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed. Wallingford: CABI. p. 524. ISBN 0-85199-826-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Van der Aa HA, Noordeloos ME, de Gruyter J. (1990). Species concepts in some larger genera of the Coelomycetes. Studies in Mycology 32: 3–19.

Bibliography

  • Boerema, G. H.; de Gruyter, J.; Noordeloos, M. E.; Hamers, M. E. C. 2004. Phoma Identification Manual: Differentiation of Specific and Infra-specific Taxa in Culture. CABI.
  • Aveskamp, M.M.; de Gruyter, J.; Woudenberg, J.H.C.; Verkley, G.J.M.; Crous, P.W. (2010). "Highlights of the Didymellaceae: A polyphasic approach to characterise Phoma and related pleosporalean genera". Studies in Mycology. 65: 1–60. doi:10.3114/sim.2010.65.01. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

External links


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