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Renier van Tzum also known as Tzom or Reijnjer van't Zum,^[1] (c. 1600/1606 in Tzum – 21 September 1670 in IJlst), was a merchant/trader and official of the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC).^[2]

Biography[edit]

Van Tzum was born in the Frisian village Tzum or Tzom. He was the son of Marten Jansz (1575?-1624), a captain in the Admiralty of Friesland.^[3] His mother died in 1622; two brothers in 1628.^[4] It is not known when Van Tzum began working for the VOC. Van Tzum was sent to Siam in 1629.^[5] In 1636 he went on a boat ride on the Chao Phraya River with his colleagues.^[6] When Jeremias van Vliet left the factory in 1641, Van Tzum was nominated to succeed him, but first in 1643 he was appointed chief factor. He collaborated with Anthonie van Diemen in Batavia, Johan van Twist in Dutch Malacca,^[7] Maximiliaan le Maire and François Caron in Formosa, Jan van Elseracq on Deshima and the factors in Persia and at the Coromandel Coast.^[8] Van Tzum pretended to be sick when invited by the king.^[9]

Japan[edit]

On 29 September 1645 Van Tzum arrived on Deshima, starting as the VOC opperhoofd or chief factor on 24 November 1645.^[2] As head of the Dutch trading post, he traveled to Edo.

He departed from Nagasaki on 31 December, on a ship with six fellow Dutchmen. They reached the capital on 7 February. As presents Van Tzum handed over spectacles, magnifying glasses, optical lenses, also ones that could be used in a darkroom, and medicines.^[10] On 12 February he met with Inoue Masashige.^[11]

In Edo, Van Tzum was asked if he had come to Edo with gifts to thank the shōgun for the release of the Dutch prisoners or if he had come to pay his respects in the usual manner.^[12] Van Tzum answered that he had come to do both, but this answer did not satisfy the bakufu. On 8 March Inoue informed van Tzum that the Dutch did not appear to adequately value the release of the Dutch prisoners.^[2]

Upon his return to Nagasaki, the chief factor was informed by the interpreters that Nanjing had been occupied by the Qing dynasty and that Zheng Zhilong had sent a request for military support to the bakufu. Two junks arrived in Nagasaki from Nanjing. The crew members of these junks had been forced to wear queues. The bakufu prohibited any dealings with ships from Nanjing.^{[citation needed]}

Van Tzum succeeded in getting permission to export copper. He handed over the factory to his successor, Verstegen, on 7 October 1646. Three weeks later, on 27 October 1646, he left Japan.

Return[edit]

In January 1647 he left Batavia on the Haerlem.^[13] The ship was lost in a storm near Table Bay in March. Sixty men settled for one year on the mainland, but Van Tzum had sailed back earlier on one of the other two ships.^[14] Back in the Dutch republic he settled in Cornjum where he married in 1648.^{[citation needed]} In 1654 he moved to IJlst and became a member of the vroedschap. His appointment as burgomaster by William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz was not without trouble.^[15] The next year he was elected as deputee to the States of Friesland and in 1658 in a board, checking the provincial finances.^[16]

References[edit]

^ Opperhoofden in dienst van de VOC op Hirado en Deshima at Uchiyama.nl; retrieved 2013-2-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c Historigraphical Institute (Shiryō hensan-jo), University of Tokyo, "24 November 1644-27 October 1646 (Volume Nine)"; retrieved 2013-2-6.
^ Roarda, R.S. (1961): De East-Ynjeske Opperkeapman Reijnier van Tzum.
^ Friesche Volksalmanak voor het jaar 1890
^ Dagregister van het Kasteel van Batavia, dl. 1636/37, p. 137.
^ Dutchmen Drunk On Chao Phya River
^ Twist, Johann van: Generaele beschrijvinghe van Indien. Amsterdam, Hendrick Doncker 1651
^ Tanap.net^[usurped]
^ Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch ... by Bhawan Ruangsilp, p. 114, at Google Books
^ Cannegieter, D. (1904) Reynier van Tzum, een levensschets. Franeker.
^ of Renier van Tzum; Visit to the Shōgun's Court
^ Hesselink, Reiner H. (2002). Prisoners from Nambu: Reality and Make-Believe in Seventeenth-Century Japanese Diplomacy, p. 134, at Google Books.
^ Vocsite.nl
^ Tanap.net^[usurped]
^ Archieven van de Friese stadhouders. Door A.P. van Nienes, M. Bruggeman. Koninklijk Huisarchief, [1], p. 412, at Google Books
^ Archieven van de Friese stadhouders. A.P. van Nienes, M. Bruggeman. Koninklijk Huisarchief [2], p. 412, at Google Books

External links[edit]

Political offices
Preceded by ---	VOC Opperhoofden in Siam 1643–1644	Succeeded by ---
Preceded by Pieter Overtwater	VOC Opperhoofd at Dejima 1645–1646	Succeeded by Willem Verstegen

[1] Opperhoofden in dienst van de VOC op Hirado en Deshima at Uchiyama.nl; retrieved 2013-2-6.

[shiryo-2] Historigraphical Institute (Shiryō hensan-jo), University of Tokyo, "24 November 1644-27 October 1646 (Volume Nine)"; retrieved 2013-2-6.

[3] Roarda, R.S. (1961): De East-Ynjeske Opperkeapman Reijnier van Tzum.

[4] Friesche Volksalmanak voor het jaar 1890

[5] Dagregister van het Kasteel van Batavia, dl. 1636/37, p. 137.

[6] Dutchmen Drunk On Chao Phya River

[7] Twist, Johann van: Generaele beschrijvinghe van Indien. Amsterdam, Hendrick Doncker 1651

[8] Tanap.net^[usurped]

[9] Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch ... by Bhawan Ruangsilp, p. 114, at Google Books

[10] Cannegieter, D. (1904) Reynier van Tzum, een levensschets. Franeker.

[11] Renier van Tzum; Visit to the Shōgun's Court

[12] Hesselink, Reiner H. (2002). Prisoners from Nambu: Reality and Make-Believe in Seventeenth-Century Japanese Diplomacy, p. 134, at Google Books.

[13] Vocsite.nl

[14] Tanap.net^[usurped]

[15] Archieven van de Friese stadhouders. Door A.P. van Nienes, M. Bruggeman. Koninklijk Huisarchief, [1], p. 412, at Google Books

[16] Archieven van de Friese stadhouders. A.P. van Nienes, M. Bruggeman. Koninklijk Huisarchief [2], p. 412, at Google Books

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:Gezicht op Judea, de hoofdstad van Siam Rijksmuseum SK-A-4477.jpeg|220px|thumb|[[Ayutthaya (city)]] around 1665, with Dutch settlement on the square island south of the middle.]]
-'''Renier van Tzum''' also known as '''Tzom''' or '''Reijnjer van't Zum''',<ref>[http://uchiyama.nl/ngvocopperhoofden.htm  ''Opperhoofden in dienst van de VOC op Hirado en Deshima'' at Uchiyama.nl]; retrieved 2013-2-6.</ref> (c. 1600/1606 in [[Tzum]] – September 21, 1670 in [[IJlst]]), was a merchant/trader and official of the [[Dutch East India Company]] (''Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie'' or VOC).<ref name="shiryo">Historigraphical Institute (''Shiryō hensan-jo''), University of Tokyo, [http://www.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/tokushu/kaigai/Diaries/Volumes/E41071C3-553F-49FA-B5A0-E145FA27F0F4.html "24 November 1644-27 October 1646 (Volume Nine)"]; retrieved 2013-2-6.</ref>
+'''Renier van Tzum''' also known as '''Tzom''' or '''Reijnjer van't Zum''',<ref>[http://uchiyama.nl/ngvocopperhoofden.htm  ''Opperhoofden in dienst van de VOC op Hirado en Deshima'' at Uchiyama.nl]; retrieved 2013-2-6.</ref> (c. 1600/1606 in [[Tzum]] – 21 September 1670 in [[IJlst]]), was a merchant/trader and official of the [[Dutch East India Company]] (''Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie'' or VOC).<ref name="shiryo">Historigraphical Institute (''Shiryō hensan-jo''), University of Tokyo, [http://www.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/tokushu/kaigai/Diaries/Volumes/E41071C3-553F-49FA-B5A0-E145FA27F0F4.html "24 November 1644-27 October 1646 (Volume Nine)"]; retrieved 2013-2-6.</ref>
 <!-- Is this image appropriate? Not really?...  -->
-==Life==
+==Biography==
 Van Tzum was born in the Frisian village [[Tzum]] or Tzom. He was the son of Marten Jansz (1575?-1624), a captain in the [[Admiralty of Friesland]].<ref>Roarda, R.S. (1961): De East-Ynjeske Opperkeapman Reijnier van Tzum.</ref>
 His mother died in 1622; two brothers in 1628.<ref>[http://images.tresoar.nl/wumkes/periodieken/fa/fa_1890.pdf Friesche Volksalmanak voor het jaar 1890]</ref>
-It is not known when Van Tzum began working for the VOC. Van Tzum was sent to [[Siam]] in 1629.<ref>Dagregister van het Kasteel van Batavia, dl. 1636/37, p. 137.</ref> In 1636 he went on a boatride on [[Chao Phraya River]] with his colleagues.<ref>[http://www.thaivisa.com/forum/topic/43370-12-dutchmen-drunk-on-chao-phya-river/12 Dutchmen Drunk On Chao Phya River]</ref> When [[Jeremias van Vliet]] left the factory in 1641, Van Tzum was nominated to succeed him, but first in 1643 he was appointed [[chief factor]]. He collaborated with [[Anthonie van Diemen]] in Batavia, [[Johan van Twist]] in [[Dutch Malacca]],<ref>Twist, Johann van: Generaele beschrijvinghe van Indien. Amsterdam, Hendrick Doncker 1651</ref> [[Maximiliaan le Maire]] and [[François Caron]] in [[Formosa]], [[Jan van Elseracq]] on Deshima and the factors in Persia and at the [[Coromandel Coast]].<ref>[http://databases.tanap.net/vocrecords/pdf/files/D1B2D867D2556FBDF51AF5113FAE5800.pdf Tanap.net]</ref> Van Tzum pretended to be sick when invited by the king.<ref>{{Google books |plainurl= |id=0xBGwFrYnaMC |page=114 |title=Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch ... by Bhawan Ruangsilp }}</ref>
+It is not known when Van Tzum began working for the VOC. Van Tzum was sent to [[Siam]] in 1629.<ref>Dagregister van het Kasteel van Batavia, dl. 1636/37, p. 137.</ref> In 1636 he went on a boat ride on the [[Chao Phraya River]] with his colleagues.<ref>[http://www.thaivisa.com/forum/topic/43370-12-dutchmen-drunk-on-chao-phya-river/12 Dutchmen Drunk On Chao Phya River]</ref> When [[Jeremias van Vliet]] left the factory in 1641, Van Tzum was nominated to succeed him, but first in 1643 he was appointed [[chief factor]]. He collaborated with [[Anthonie van Diemen]] in Batavia, [[Johan van Twist]] in [[Dutch Malacca]],<ref>Twist, Johann van: Generaele beschrijvinghe van Indien. Amsterdam, Hendrick Doncker 1651</ref> [[Maximiliaan le Maire]] and [[François Caron]] in [[Formosa]], [[Jan van Elseracq]] on Deshima and the factors in Persia and at the [[Coromandel Coast]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140924062911/http://databases.tanap.net/vocrecords/pdf/files/D1B2D867D2556FBDF51AF5113FAE5800.pdf Tanap.net]}}</ref> Van Tzum pretended to be sick when invited by the king.<ref>{{Google books |plainurl= |id=0xBGwFrYnaMC |page=114 |title=Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch ... by Bhawan Ruangsilp }}</ref>
 ===Japan===
@@ Line 17: / Line 16: @@
 {{See also|Dutch missions to Edo}}
-He departed from Nagasaki on December 31, on a ship with six fellow Dutchmen. They reached the capital on February 7. As presents Van Tzum handed over [[spectacles]], [[magnifying glass]]es, [[optical lens]]es, also ones that could be used in a [[darkroom]], and medicines.<ref>Cannegieter, D. (1904) Reynier van Tzum, een levensschets. Franeker.</ref> On February 12 he met with [[Inoue Masashige]].<ref>[http://www.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/tokushu/kaigai/Diaries/Volumes/E41071C3-553F-49FA-B5A0-E145FA27F0F4.htmlDiary of Renier van Tzum; Visit to the ''Shōgun''{{'}}s Court]</ref>
+He departed from Nagasaki on 31 December, on a ship with six fellow Dutchmen. They reached the capital on 7 February. As presents Van Tzum handed over [[spectacles]], [[magnifying glass]]es, [[optical lens]]es, also ones that could be used in a [[darkroom]], and medicines.<ref>Cannegieter, D. (1904) Reynier van Tzum, een levensschets. Franeker.</ref> On 12 February he met with [[Inoue Masashige]].<ref>[http://www.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/tokushu/kaigai/Diaries/Volumes/E41071C3-553F-49FA-B5A0-E145FA27F0F4.htmlDiary of Renier van Tzum; Visit to the ''Shōgun''{{'}}s Court]</ref>
 <!-- Is this a good level of detail for this article?  Not really ...   Their discussion centered on the ''Nanbu affair'' of 1643, when the skipper [[Hendrick Cornelisz Schaep]] and nine members of the crew of the ''Breskens'' were captured in [[Yamada, Iwate|Yamada]] in [[Iwate Prefecture]].<ref>Hesselink, R. H. (2002) Prisoners from Nambu. {{Google books |plainurl= |id=i5tHgje3_i8C |title= |page=134 }}</ref>
 <blockquote>The Breskens and her sister ship the Castricum (under [[Maarten Gerritsz Vries]]) had been sent by order of the [[Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies|Governor General]] in the Dutch East Indies, [[Antony van Diemen|Anthonio van Diemen]], to search for the Gold and Silver Islands that were said to lie somewhere northeast off the coast of Japan.  They were also to investigate a route to northern Asia.  In June 1643 the Breskens, which had been separated from the Castricum in a storm, entered the bay of Yamada in Nanbu domain in the northeast of [[Honshu]].  While searching for fresh water and food, ten crew members under Captain Schaep were apprehended and brought to the domain capital of [[Morioka]]. They were later sent to Edo.<p>Unhappily for the Breskens’ crew, a group of four [[Jesuits]] intent on infiltrating into Japan had been caught at around the same time in a different part of Japan. As a result, bakufu officials were extremely anxious about the problem of coastal defenses. However after it was understood that the crew were Dutch and not Catholics, bakufu fears were calmed and the problem to be solved became one of deciding by which procedure the Dutch should be released.<ref>''Shiryō,'' [http://www.hi.u-tokyo.ac.jp/tokushu/kaigai/Diaries/Volumes/D28C7BE5-C146-42F2-9FD9-0C729B86BA2D.html "8 November 1643-24 November 1644 (Volume Eight)"]; retrieved 2013-2-6.</ref></blockquote> -->
-In Edo, Van Tzum was asked if he had come to Edo with gifts to thank the ''[[shōgun]]'' for the release of the Dutch prisoners or if he had come to pay his respects in the usual manner.<ref>Hesselink, Reiner H. (2002). {{Google books |plainurl= |id=i5tHgje3_i8C |page=134 |title=Prisoners from Nambu: Reality and Make-Believe in Seventeenth-Century Japanese Diplomacy }}.</ref> Van Tzum answered that he had come to do both, but this answer did not satisfy the [[bakufu]]. On March 8, Inoue informed van Tzum that the Dutch did not appear to adequately value the release of the Dutch prisoners.<ref name="shiryo"/>
+In Edo, Van Tzum was asked if he had come to Edo with gifts to thank the ''[[shōgun]]'' for the release of the Dutch prisoners or if he had come to pay his respects in the usual manner.<ref>Hesselink, Reiner H. (2002). {{Google books |plainurl= |id=i5tHgje3_i8C |page=134 |title=Prisoners from Nambu: Reality and Make-Believe in Seventeenth-Century Japanese Diplomacy }}.</ref> Van Tzum answered that he had come to do both, but this answer did not satisfy the [[bakufu]]. On 8 March Inoue informed van Tzum that the Dutch did not appear to adequately value the release of the Dutch prisoners.<ref name="shiryo"/>
-Upon his return to Nagasaki, the chief factor was informed by the interpreters that [[Nanking]] had been occupied by the [[Ching Dynasty]] and that [[Ikkan]] had sent a request for military support to the bakufu.  Two junks arrived in Nagasaki from Nanking.  The crew members of these junks had been forced to wear pigtails.  The bakufu prohibited any dealings with ships from Nanking.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
+Upon his return to Nagasaki, the chief factor was informed by the interpreters that [[Nanjing]] had been occupied by the [[Qing dynasty]] and that [[Zheng Zhilong]] had sent a request for military support to the bakufu. Two junks arrived in Nagasaki from Nanjing. The crew members of these junks had been forced to wear [[Queue (hairstyle)|queue]]s.  The bakufu prohibited any dealings with ships from Nanjing.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
-Van Tzum succeeding in getting permission to export [[copper]]. He handed over the factory to his successor, Verstegen, on October 7, 1646. Three weeks later on 27 October 1646 he left Japan.
+Van Tzum succeeded in getting permission to export [[copper]]. He handed over the factory to his successor, Verstegen, on 7 October 1646. Three weeks later, on 27 October 1646, he left Japan.
 ===Return===
-In January 1647 he left Batavia on the ''Haerlem''.<ref>[http://www.vocsite.nl/schepen/detail.html?id=10755 Vocsite.nl]</ref> The ship was lost in storm near [[Table Bay]] in March. Sixty men settled for one year on the mainland, but Van Tzum had sailed back earlier on one of the other two ships.<ref>[http://www.tanap.net/content/activities/documents/resolutions_Cape_of_Good_Hope/introduction_english/23.htm Tanap.net]</ref> Back in the Dutch republic he settled in [[Cornjum]] where he married in 1648.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
+In January 1647 he left Batavia on the ''Haerlem''.<ref>[http://www.vocsite.nl/schepen/detail.html?id=10755 Vocsite.nl]</ref> The ship was lost in a storm near [[Table Bay]] in March. Sixty men settled for one year on the mainland, but Van Tzum had sailed back earlier on one of the other two ships.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20050321002758/http://www.tanap.net/content/activities/documents/resolutions_Cape_of_Good_Hope/introduction_english/23.htm Tanap.net]}}</ref> Back in the Dutch republic he settled in [[Cornjum]] where he married in 1648.{{citation needed|date=February 2013}}
 <!--
 Het schip 'Nieuw Haarlem' van de VOC strandde vervolgens in 1647 met als onderkoopman Leendert Janszen en Reijnier van Tzum (waar ken ik die naam van ..) aan boord. De beste man en de bemanning waren op de weg terug naar Holland. Ze bouwde een mini fort, genaamd; 'Zand fort van die kaap die goeie hoop'. Na een jaar survivalen werden ze opgepikt door een dozijn boten van de VOC. Terug in Holland vertelde ze over het goede klimaat en de prettige ruilhandel die ze handen met de originele bewoners; de Khoikhoi.