Tell el-Hesi: Difference between revisions

Tell el-Hesi
תל חסי
	Tell el-Hesi
	Shown within Israel
Location	Southern District, Israel
Region	Levant
Coordinates	31°32′52″N 34°43′49″E / 31.54778°N 34.73028°E
Type	Settlement
Site notes
Condition	In ruins

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Tell el-Hesi (Hebrew: תל חסי), or Tell el-Hesy, is a 25-acre archaeological site in Israel. It was the first major site excavated in Palestine, first by Flinders Petrie in 1890 and later by Frederick Jones Bliss in 1891 and 1892, both sponsored by the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF). Petrie's excavations were one of the first to systematically use stratigraphy and seriation to produce a chronology of the site.^[1] Tell el-Hesi is located southwest of the modern Israeli city of Qiryat Gat.

History[edit]

The site was occupied from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period to the Hellenistic period, though not continuously.^[1]

Early Bronze IIIA[edit]

Tell el-Hesi had its main occupation in the Early Bronze Age. Settlement seems to have started at the beginning of the EB IIIA or earlier. Radiocarbon dating of emmer samples calibrated to 2890-2590 and 2900-2620 BC.^[2] By the late EB IIIA the fortified city that reached a size of 25 acres/10.1 ha. It was located along the Wadi el-Hesi which was a stream at the time. The economy was based on animal husbandry (cattle herding) and grain production, at it may have been a center for trade. There were workshops for incised bone tubes.

Later occupation[edit]

It then fell into disuse until the middle of the 2nd millennium during the Late Bronze Age when it was rebuilt, staying in use for around a thousand years. ^[3] A military trench system was dug into the top of the mound during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.

Speculations about city name[edit]

Petrie identified Tell el-Hesi as the Biblical site of Lachish, and Bliss accepted this identification, but it is no longer accepted. In 1924 William F. Albright proposed that Tell el-Hesi was Biblical Eglon,^[4] an identification still accepted by Yohanan Aharoni in the 1970s.^[5] This identification, too, is unlikely and the site should be considered unidentified.^[6]

Archaeology[edit]

The site was first described in 1838 by Edward Robinson.^[7] It is 200 feet above the land in the East and 60 feet high in the other directions. The mound was roughly square with 200 feet on a side in Robinson's time but has been reduced by excavations and military action.

It was originally excavated between 1890 and 1892 by the PEF during five excavation seasons.^[8] The first season was under Petrie. After brief training under Petrie at Meydum in Egypt, Bliss began four seasons of work at Tell el-Hesi. Using Petrie's ceramic sequence and the pioneering concept of a sequence of 'cities', Bliss was able to establish not only the archaeology of this specific site, but the sequential framework for Levantine archaeology. The final reports were published in 1891 and 1894.^[9] Among other discoveries was the remains of what was identified as a blast furnace, with slag and ashes, which was dated to 1500 BC. If the theories of experts are correct, the use of the hot-air blast instead of cold air was known at an extremely early age. Aside from some inscribed pottery of various periods, the significant epigraphic find was a single cuneiform tablet. This tablet is closely related to the Amarna Letters and mentions a person noted as the governor of Lachish in those letters.

A second series of excavations began in 1970, at the behest of the American Schools of Oriental Research and its President G. Ernest Wright, the Joint Archaeological Expedition to Tell el-Hesi. The original core staff of directors for the project included John Worrell - Director; Lawrence Toombs - Senior Archeologist, Phillip King - Administrative Director, Tom Frank - Education Director, and W. J. Bennett Jr. and Lawrence Stager as Field Directors. The team excavated at the site from 1970 to 1983 for eight summer seasons. The project emphasized excavation in two parts of the site: the acropolis and its associated wall system (Fields I and III), and the Early Bronze III (EB III) wall system of the lower city (Fields V, VI, and IX).^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b Avraham Negev; Shimon Gibson (July 2005). Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 228–. ISBN 978-0-8264-8571-7. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
^ Anderson 2006, Southern Palestinian Chronology: Two Radiocarbon dates for the Early Bronze Age at Tell el-Hesi (Israel) [1]
^ W. J. Bennett, Tell El-Hesi: The Persian Period, Eisenbrauns, 1990, ISBN 978-0931464546
^ Albright, William F. (1924). "Researches of the School in Western Judaea". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 15: 7–8. doi:10.2307/3219033. JSTOR 3219033. S2CID 163276217.
^ Yohanan Aharoni (1 January 1979). The Land of the Bible: a historical geography. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-664-24266-4. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
^ Blakely, Jeffrey A.; Fred L. Horton (2001). "On Site Identifications Old and New: The Example of Tell el-Hesi". Near Eastern Archaeology. 64 (1–2): 24–36. doi:10.2307/3210818. JSTOR 3210818. S2CID 164125452.
^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 2, pp. 390–392
^ *Flinders Petrie, W.M. (1891). Tell el Hesy (Lachish). Pub. for the Committee of the Palestine exploration fund by A. P. Watt. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
^ *Bliss, F.J. (1894). A mound of many cities, or, Tell el Hesy excavated. Published for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund by A.P. Watt. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
^ Lawrence E. Toombs, "Tell El-Hesi, 1970–71", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 106, iss. 1, 1974
^ D. Glenn Rose & Lawrence E. Toombs, "Tell El-Hesi, 1973 and 1975", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 108, iss. 1, 1976
^ Kevin G. O'Connell, D. Glenn Rose & Lawrence E. Toombs, "Tell El-Hesi, 1977", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 110, iss. 2, 1978
^ Kevin G. O’Connell & D. Glenn Rose, "Tell El-Ḥesi, 1979", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 112, iss. 2, 1980
^ Lawrence E. Toombs, "Tell El-Ḥesi, 1981", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 115,iss. 1, 1983
^ Ralph W. Doermann & Valerie M. Fargo, "Tell El-Hesi, 1983", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 117, iss. 1, 1985

Bibliography[edit]

Blakely, Jeffrey A.; Toombs, Lawrence E. (1985). The Joint Archaeological Expedition to Tell el-Hesi. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931464-54-6. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
Dahlberg, Bruce T.; O'Connell, Kevin G. (29 November 1989). Tell El-Hesi: The Site and the Expedition. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931464-57-7. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (pp. 261 290-291)
Eakins, J. Kenneth; Spencer, John R.; O'Connell, Kevin G. (June 1993). Tell El-Hesi: The Muslim Cemetery in Fields V and Vi/IX. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-0-931464-78-2. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
Guérin, V. (1869). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine. Vol. 1: Judee, pt. 2. (p. 296 )
Palmer, E.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. (p. 379)
Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 2. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
Shaw, Bynum; Paschal, George Washington; Wake Forest University (1988). Tell El-Hesi: The Site and the Expedition. Wake Forest University. ISBN 978-0-918401-01-4. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
Toombs, Lawrence E.; O'Connell, Kevin G. (1985). Tell el Hesi: modern military trenching and Muslim cemetery in field I, strata I-II. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-88920-134-7. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
Geoffrey E. Ludvik, Jeffrey A. Blakely. (2020) The Early Bronze Age of Tell el-Hesi and its environs: From Petrie's initial discovery to today's understanding. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 152:4, pages 304–331.[2]
Kara Larson, James W. Hardin, Sara Cody. (2020) Cultural Modification Analyses on Faunal Remains in Relation to Space Use and Direct Provisioning from Field VI EBIIIA Tell el-Hesi. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 152:4, pages 365–388.

External links[edit]

The Tell el-Hesi Joint Archaeological Project
Survey of Western Palestine, Map 20: IAA, Wikimedia commons

[NegevGibson2005-1] Avraham Negev; Shimon Gibson (July 2005). Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 228–. ISBN 978-0-8264-8571-7. Retrieved 22 November 2010.

[2] Anderson 2006, Southern Palestinian Chronology: Two Radiocarbon dates for the Early Bronze Age at Tell el-Hesi (Israel) [1]

[3] W. J. Bennett, Tell El-Hesi: The Persian Period, Eisenbrauns, 1990, ISBN 978-0931464546

[Albright-4] Albright, William F. (1924). "Researches of the School in Western Judaea". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 15: 7–8. doi:10.2307/3219033. JSTOR 3219033. S2CID 163276217.

[Aharoni1979-5] Yohanan Aharoni (1 January 1979). The Land of the Bible: a historical geography. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-664-24266-4. Retrieved 22 November 2010.

[Blakely/Horton-6] Blakely, Jeffrey A.; Fred L. Horton (2001). "On Site Identifications Old and New: The Example of Tell el-Hesi". Near Eastern Archaeology. 64 (1–2): 24–36. doi:10.2307/3210818. JSTOR 3210818. S2CID 164125452.

[7] Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 2, pp. 390–392

[8] *Flinders Petrie, W.M. (1891). Tell el Hesy (Lachish). Pub. for the Committee of the Palestine exploration fund by A. P. Watt. Retrieved 22 November 2010.

[9] *Bliss, F.J. (1894). A mound of many cities, or, Tell el Hesy excavated. Published for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund by A.P. Watt. Retrieved 17 March 2018.

[10] Lawrence E. Toombs, "Tell El-Hesi, 1970–71", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 106, iss. 1, 1974

[11] D. Glenn Rose & Lawrence E. Toombs, "Tell El-Hesi, 1973 and 1975", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 108, iss. 1, 1976

[12] Kevin G. O'Connell, D. Glenn Rose & Lawrence E. Toombs, "Tell El-Hesi, 1977", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 110, iss. 2, 1978

[13] Kevin G. O’Connell & D. Glenn Rose, "Tell El-Ḥesi, 1979", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 112, iss. 2, 1980

[14] Lawrence E. Toombs, "Tell El-Ḥesi, 1981", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 115,iss. 1, 1983

[15] Ralph W. Doermann & Valerie M. Fargo, "Tell El-Hesi, 1983", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 117, iss. 1, 1985

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 }}
-'''Tell el-Hesi''' ({{lang-he|תל חסי}}), or '''Tell el-Hesy''', is a 25-acre [[archaeological site]] in [[Israel]]. It was the first major site excavated in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], first by [[Flinders Petrie]] in 1890 and later by [[Frederick Jones Bliss]] in 1891 and 1892, both sponsored by the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]] (PEF). Petrie's excavations were one of the first to systematically use [[Stratigraphy (archaeology)|stratigraphy]] and [[Seriation (archaeology)|seriation]] to produce a [[chronology]] of the site.<ref name="NegevGibson2005">{{cite book|author1=Avraham Negev|author2=Shimon Gibson|title=Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27nq65cZUIgC&pg=PA228|accessdate=22 November 2010|date=July 2005|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-8571-7|pages=228–}}</ref>
+'''Tell el-Hesi''' ({{lang-he|תל חסי}}), or '''Tell el-Hesy''', is a 25-acre [[archaeological site]] in [[Israel]]. It was the first major site excavated in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], first by [[Flinders Petrie]] in 1890 and later by [[Frederick Jones Bliss]] in 1891 and 1892, both sponsored by the [[Palestine Exploration Fund]] (PEF). Petrie's excavations were one of the first to systematically use [[Stratigraphy (archaeology)|stratigraphy]] and [[Seriation (archaeology)|seriation]] to produce a [[chronology]] of the site.<ref name="NegevGibson2005">{{cite book|author1=Avraham Negev|author2=Shimon Gibson|title=Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27nq65cZUIgC&pg=PA228|access-date=22 November 2010|date=July 2005|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-8571-7|pages=228–}}</ref>
-[[Tell (archaeology)|Tell]] el-Hesi is located southwest of the modern [[Israel]]i city of [[Qiryat Gat]].
+[[Tell (archaeology)|Tell]] el-Hesi is located southwest of the modern Israeli city of [[Qiryat Gat]].
 ==History==
 The site was occupied from the Pre-Pottery [[Neolithic]] period to the [[Hellenistic period]], though not continuously.<ref name="NegevGibson2005"/>
-The city reached a size of 25 acres in the [[Early Bronze Age]] during the middle of the 3rd Millennium BCE. It then fell into disuse until the
+===Early Bronze IIIA===
-middle of the 2nd millennium during the Late Bronze Age when it
+Tell el-Hesi had its main occupation in the [[Early Bronze Age]]. Settlement seems to have started at the beginning of the EB IIIA or earlier. Radiocarbon dating of emmer samples calibrated to 2890-2590 and 2900-2620 BC.<ref>Anderson 2006, Southern Palestinian Chronology: Two Radiocarbon dates for the Early Bronze Age at Tell el-Hesi (Israel) [https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6DFC22D2EBDC82E803B1ED4765B5BF4B/S0033822200035426a.pdf/div-class-title-southern-palestinian-chronology-two-radiocarbon-dates-for-the-early-bronze-age-at-tell-el-hesi-israel-div.pdf]</ref> By the late EB IIIA the fortified city that reached a size of 25 acres/10.1 ha. It was located along the Wadi el-Hesi which was a stream at the time. The economy was based on animal husbandry (cattle herding) and grain production, at it may have been a center for trade. There were workshops for incised bone tubes.
+===Later occupation===
+It then fell into disuse until the middle of the 2nd millennium during the Late Bronze Age when it
 was rebuilt, staying in use for around a thousand years.
-<ref> W. J. Bennett, Tell El-Hesi: The Persian Period, Eisenbrauns, 1990, ISBN: ‎ 978-0931464546 </ref>
+<ref>W. J. Bennett, Tell El-Hesi: The Persian Period, Eisenbrauns, 1990, {{ISBN|978-0931464546}}</ref>
 A military trench system was dug into the top of the mound
 during the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]].
-Petrie identified Tell el-Hesi as the Biblical site of [[Lachish]], and Bliss accepted this identification, but it is no longer accepted. In 1924 [[William F. Albright]] proposed that Tell el-Hesi was Biblical Eglon,<ref name=Albright>{{cite journal|last=Albright|first=William F.|title=Researches of the School in Western Judaea|journal=[[Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research]]|year=1924|volume=15|pages=7–8}}</ref> an identification still accepted by [[Yohanan Aharoni]] in the 1970s.<ref name="Aharoni1979">{{cite book|author=Yohanan Aharoni|title=The Land of the Bible: a historical geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMtoyNxWw0UC&pg=PA219|accessdate=22 November 2010|date=1 January 1979|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-24266-4|page=219}}</ref>  This identification, too, is unlikely and the site should be considered unidentified.<ref name="Blakely/Horton">{{cite journal|last=Blakely|first=Jeffrey A.|author2=Fred L. Horton |title=On Site Identifications Old and New: The Example of Tell el-Hesi|journal=[[Near Eastern Archaeology (journal)|Near Eastern Archaeology]]|year=2001|volume=64|issue=1-2|pages=24–36}}</ref>
+===Speculations about city name===
+Petrie identified Tell el-Hesi as the Biblical site of [[Lachish]], and Bliss accepted this identification, but it is no longer accepted. In 1924 [[William F. Albright]] proposed that Tell el-Hesi was Biblical Eglon,<ref name=Albright>{{cite journal|last=Albright|first=William F.|title=Researches of the School in Western Judaea|journal=[[Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research]]|year=1924|volume=15|pages=7–8|doi=10.2307/3219033 |jstor=3219033 |s2cid=163276217 }}</ref> an identification still accepted by [[Yohanan Aharoni]] in the 1970s.<ref name="Aharoni1979">{{cite book|author=Yohanan Aharoni|title=The Land of the Bible: a historical geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMtoyNxWw0UC&pg=PA219|access-date=22 November 2010|date=1 January 1979|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-664-24266-4|page=219}}</ref>  This identification, too, is unlikely and the site should be considered unidentified.<ref name="Blakely/Horton">{{cite journal|last=Blakely|first=Jeffrey A.|author2=Fred L. Horton |title=On Site Identifications Old and New: The Example of Tell el-Hesi|journal=[[Near Eastern Archaeology (journal)|Near Eastern Archaeology]]|year=2001|volume=64|issue=1–2|pages=24–36|doi=10.2307/3210818 |jstor=3210818 |s2cid=164125452 }}</ref>
 ==Archaeology==
 [[File:Flinders_Petrie_-_Tell_Hesy_-_Cross_section_through_the_mound.jpg|thumb|Cross section through the mound, after  [[Flinders Petrie]]]]
+[[File:Tell el Hesy in the Survey of Western Palestine 1880.20 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Tell el Hesy in the [[PEF Survey of Palestine]], 1880]]
 The site was first described in 1838 by [[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Edward Robinson]].<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 2, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearc00smitgoog#page/n412/mode/1up 390]–392</ref> It is 200 feet above the land in the East and 60 feet high in the other directions. The mound was roughly square with 200 feet on a side in Robinson's time but has been reduced by
 excavations and military action.
-It was originally excavated between 1890 and 1892 by the PEF during five excavation seasons.<ref>*{{cite book|first=W.M.|last=Flinders Petrie|authorlink=Flinders Petrie |title=Tell el Hesy (Lachish)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZ5YAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=22 November 2010|year=1891|publisher=Pub. for the Committee of the Palestine exploration fund by A. P. Watt}}</ref> The first season was under Petrie. After brief training under Petrie at Meydum in Egypt, Bliss began four seasons of work at Tell el-Hesi. Using Petrie's ceramic sequence and the pioneering concept of a sequence of 'cities', Bliss was able to establish not only the archaeology of this specific site, but the sequential framework for Levantine archaeology. The final reports were published in 1891 and 1894.<ref>*{{cite book|first1=F.J. |last1=Bliss|authorlink1=Frederick J. Bliss|title=A mound of many cities, or, Tell el Hesy excavated|url=https://archive.org/details/amoundmanycitie00blisgoog |accessdate=17 March 2018|year=1894|publisher=Published for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund by A.P. Watt}}</ref> Among other discoveries was the remains of what was identified as a [[blast furnace]], with slag and ashes, which was dated to 1500 BC. If the theories of experts are correct, the use of the hot-air blast instead of cold air was known at an extremely early age. Aside from some inscribed pottery of
+It was originally excavated between 1890 and 1892 by the PEF during five excavation seasons.<ref>*{{cite book|first=W.M.|last=Flinders Petrie|author-link=Flinders Petrie |title=Tell el Hesy (Lachish)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZ5YAAAAMAAJ|access-date=22 November 2010|year=1891|publisher=Pub. for the Committee of the Palestine exploration fund by A. P. Watt}}</ref> The first season was under Petrie. After brief training under Petrie at Meydum in Egypt, Bliss began four seasons of work at Tell el-Hesi. Using Petrie's ceramic sequence and the pioneering concept of a sequence of 'cities', Bliss was able to establish not only the archaeology of this specific site, but the sequential framework for Levantine archaeology. The final reports were published in 1891 and 1894.<ref>*{{cite book|first1=F.J. |last1=Bliss|author-link1=Frederick J. Bliss|title=A mound of many cities, or, Tell el Hesy excavated|url=https://archive.org/details/amoundmanycitie00blisgoog |access-date=17 March 2018|year=1894|publisher=Published for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund by A.P. Watt}}</ref> Among other discoveries was the remains of what was identified as a [[blast furnace]], with slag and ashes, which was dated to 1500 BC. If the theories of experts are correct, the use of the hot-air blast instead of cold air was known at an extremely early age. Aside from some inscribed pottery of
 various periods, the significant epigraphic find was a single
 cuneiform tablet. This tablet is closely related to the [[Amarna Letters]] and mentions a person noted as the governor of Lachish in those letters.
-A second series of excavations began in 1970, at the behest of the [[American Schools of Oriental Research]] and its President [[G. Ernest Wright]], the Joint Archaeological Expedition to Tell el-Hesi. The original core staff of directors for the project included John Worrell - Director; Lawrence Toombs - Senior Archeologist, [[Philip King (historian)|Phillip King]] - Administrative Director, Tom Frank - Education Director, and W. J. Bennett Jr. and [[Lawrence Stager]] as Field Directors. The team excavated at the site from 1970 to 1983 for eight summer seasons. The project emphasized excavation in two parts of the site: the [[acropolis]] and its associated wall system (Fields I and III), and the Early Bronze III (EB III) wall system of the lower city (Fields V, VI, and IX).<ref>Kevin G. O'Connell, D. Glenn Rose & Lawrence E. Toombs, "Tell El-Hesi, 1977",
+A second series of excavations began in 1970, at the behest of the [[American Schools of Oriental Research]] and its President [[G. Ernest Wright]], the Joint Archaeological Expedition to Tell el-Hesi. The original core staff of directors for the project included John Worrell - Director; Lawrence Toombs - Senior Archeologist, [[Philip King (historian)|Phillip King]] - Administrative Director, Tom Frank - Education Director, and W. J. Bennett Jr. and [[Lawrence Stager]] as Field Directors. The team excavated at the site from 1970 to 1983 for eight summer seasons. The project emphasized excavation in two parts of the site: the [[acropolis]] and its associated wall system (Fields I and III), and the Early Bronze III (EB III) wall system of the lower city (Fields V, VI, and IX).<ref>Lawrence E. Toombs, "Tell El-Hesi, 1970–71",
-Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 110, iss. 2, 1978</ref><ref>Ralph W. Doermann & Valerie M. Fargo, "Tell El-Hesi, 1983", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 117, iss. 1, 1985</ref>
+Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 106, iss. 1, 1974</ref><ref>D. Glenn Rose
+& Lawrence E. Toombs, "Tell El-Hesi, 1973 and 1975",
+Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 108, iss. 1, 1976</ref><ref>Kevin G. O'Connell, D. Glenn Rose & Lawrence E. Toombs, "Tell El-Hesi, 1977",
+Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 110, iss. 2, 1978</ref><ref>Kevin G. O’Connell & D. Glenn Rose, "Tell El-Ḥesi, 1979",
+Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 112, iss. 2, 1980</ref><ref>Lawrence E. Toombs, "Tell El-Ḥesi, 1981",
+Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 115,iss. 1, 1983</ref><ref>Ralph W. Doermann & Valerie M. Fargo, "Tell El-Hesi, 1983", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 117, iss. 1, 1985</ref>
 ==See also==
+*[[Lachish]]
-*[[Cities of the ancient Near East]]
-==Notes==
+==References==
 {{Reflist}}
-==References==
+==Bibliography==
-*{{cite book|first1=Jeffrey A. |last1=Blakely|first2=Lawrence E. |last2=Toombs|title=The Joint Archaeological Expedition to Tell el-Hesi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwIXApdvQw8C&pg=PA341|accessdate=22 November 2010|year=1985|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-0-931464-54-6}}
+*{{cite book|first1=Jeffrey A. |last1=Blakely|first2=Lawrence E. |last2=Toombs|title=The Joint Archaeological Expedition to Tell el-Hesi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwIXApdvQw8C&pg=PA341|access-date=22 November 2010|year=1985|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-0-931464-54-6}}
-*{{cite book|first1=Bruce T. |last1=Dahlberg|first2=Kevin G. |last2=O'Connell|title=Tell El-Hesi: The Site and the Expedition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqqXchPz5rUC&pg=PA6|accessdate=22 November 2010|date=29 November 1989|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-0-931464-57-7}}
+*{{cite book|first1=Bruce T. |last1=Dahlberg|first2=Kevin G. |last2=O'Connell|title=Tell El-Hesi: The Site and the Expedition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqqXchPz5rUC&pg=PA6|access-date=22 November 2010|date=29 November 1989|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-0-931464-57-7}}
-*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|authorlink1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|authorlink2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1883|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=3}} (pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/261/mode/1up 261][https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/290/mode/1up 290]-291)
+*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1883|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=3}} (pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/261/mode/1up 261][https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp03conduoft#page/290/mode/1up 290]-291)
-*{{cite book|first1=J. Kenneth |last1=Eakins|first2=John R. |last2=Spencer|first3=Kevin G.|last3= O'Connell|title=Tell El-Hesi: The Muslim Cemetery in Fields V and Vi/IX|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0MN8ZhfjJdcC|accessdate=22 November 2010|date=June 1993|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-0-931464-78-2}}
+*{{cite book|first1=J. Kenneth |last1=Eakins|first2=John R. |last2=Spencer|first3=Kevin G.|last3= O'Connell|title=Tell El-Hesi: The Muslim Cemetery in Fields V and Vi/IX|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0MN8ZhfjJdcC|access-date=22 November 2010|date=June 1993|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-0-931464-78-2}}
-*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|authorlink=Victor Guérin|year=1869|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongog02gu|title= Description Géographique  Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine | volume= 1:  Judee,  pt. 2}}   (p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongog02gu#page/296/mode/1up 296] )
+*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|year=1869|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongog02gu|title= Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine | volume= 1: Judee, pt. 2}}   (p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongog02gu#page/296/mode/1up 296] )
-*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}} (p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/379/mode/1up 379])
+*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}} (p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/379/mode/1up 379])
-*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|authorlink1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|authorlink2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|  location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=2}}
+*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|  location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=2}}
-*{{cite book|first1=Bynum|last1= Shaw|first2=George Washington |last2=Paschal|author3=Wake Forest University|title=Tell El-Hesi: The Site and the Expedition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_0UPQAACAAJ|accessdate=22 November 2010|year=1988|publisher=Wake Forest University|isbn=978-0-918401-01-4}}
+*{{cite book|first1=Bynum|last1= Shaw|first2=George Washington |last2=Paschal|author3=Wake Forest University|title=Tell El-Hesi: The Site and the Expedition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_0UPQAACAAJ|access-date=22 November 2010|year=1988|publisher=Wake Forest University|isbn=978-0-918401-01-4}}
-*{{cite book|first1=Lawrence E. |last1=Toombs|first2=Kevin G. |last2=O'Connell|title=Tell el Hesi: modern military trenching and Muslim cemetery in field I, strata I-II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez8UyAitidEC&pg=PA155|accessdate=22 November 2010|year=1985|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-88920-134-7}}
+*{{cite book|first1=Lawrence E. |last1=Toombs|first2=Kevin G. |last2=O'Connell|title=Tell el Hesi: modern military trenching and Muslim cemetery in field I, strata I-II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ez8UyAitidEC&pg=PA155|access-date=22 November 2010|year=1985|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-88920-134-7}}
+*Geoffrey E. Ludvik, Jeffrey A. Blakely. (2020) The Early Bronze Age of Tell el-Hesi and its environs: From Petrie's initial discovery to today's understanding. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 152:4, pages 304–331.[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00310328.2020.1829875?scroll=top&needAccess=true]
+*Kara Larson, James W. Hardin, Sara Cody. (2020) Cultural Modification Analyses on Faunal Remains in Relation to Space Use and Direct Provisioning from Field VI EBIIIA Tell el-Hesi. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 152:4, pages 365–388.
 ==External links==
-*[http://www.hesiproject.org/ Tell el-Hesi Regional Field Site]
+*[https://dighesi.wordpress.com/about/ The Tell el-Hesi Joint Archaeological Project]
-*[http://www.archaeowiki.org/Tell_el-Ḥesi Tell el-Ḥesi] - Archaeowiki.org
 *Survey of Western Palestine, Map 20: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8382   IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.20.jpg Wikimedia commons]

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