Flinders Petrie

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Flinders Petrie, painted by George Frederic Watts

Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (born June 3, 1853 in Charlton near London , † July 28, 1942 in Jerusalem ) was a well-known Egyptologist . The name commonly used is Flinders Petrie . Petrie's grandfather was the Australian explorer Matthew Flinders .

Life

Origin and education

Flinders Petrie was the son of the surveyor and engineer William Petrie and his wife Anne, the daughter of Captain Matthew Flinders , who had explored the coasts of Australia . He never attended regular school, but was tutored by his father, mother and a great-aunt, as he was considered to be vulnerable to health. At the age of eight he suffered a nervous breakdown, as a result of which no further classes were held for two years. Flinders, however, had long since become a greedy reader and subsequently expanded his varied, albeit unsystematic, training by following his numerous interests.

As a teenager he was already engaged in the investigation and measurement of Roman and prehistoric finds in England. At the age of 19, he and his father carried out the most accurate survey of Stonehenge to date . He published the results of his research in 1877 under the title Inductive Metrology or the Recovery of Ancient Measurements from the Monuments .

Flinders Petrie at age 12, 1865

Surveying the pyramids

Petrie's father subscribed to Charles Piazzi Smyth's theory that inches and feet were originally Egyptian units of measurement. Petrie wanted to prove it and traveled to Egypt in 1880 . There he measured the pyramids of Giza . With his very precise measurements, however, he could only refute the theory.

The Egypt Exploration Fund

Ancient archaeological sites in Egypt

In Petrie's day there was no government funding for excavations. An archaeologist , however, needed considerable financial resources: for travel, room and board, payment of the workers, photographers and draftsmen, for packaging and transport and finally for the publication of the results. So Petrie had to look for a financier.

Amelia Edwards , who founded the Egypt Exploration Fund (EEF) in London in 1882 , discovered Petrie in 1883 through the mediation of Reginald Stuart Poole, head of the department for medals and coins at the British Museum and a close collaborator of Edwards at the EEF. Impressed by his Book of the Dead , Edwards decided to promote the young archaeologist, whereupon a lifelong friendship developed between Edwards, Petrie and his family. In the second season of the EEF 1883-1884, Flinders Petrie was dispatched to Tanis , an area that was associated with the biblical city of Zoan . Auguste Mariette had uncovered the great Amun temple there between the years 1859–1864. These excavations of Mariette gave rise to the later refuted assumption that Tanis was the hometown of Ramses II ( Pi-Ramesse ). Petrie then conducted excavations on the site for 5 months. At the end of this season he brought a considerable number of objects with him, which the committee decided to go to various museums and bring in new funds.

In the third year (season 1884/85) the EEF was able to send both Édouard Naville and Petrie to Egypt in the Nile Delta . The young Egyptologist Francis Llewellyn Griffith , officially named a student at the Foundation, was assigned to Petrie. Edwards presented Petrie's work in Tanis in 1884 to the Congress of Orientalists in Leiden . In 1885 Petrie discovered Naukratis .

In 1885 there were arguments between Petrie and Naville. Petrie criticized his excavation methods in public. This also put the EEF committee in a difficult position, so it came to a temporary break with Petrie.

After his trouble with the administration of the Egypt Exploration Fund last fall, Petrie had received a small amount from the British Association in 1886 to gather information about ethnic groups in Upper Egypt . He himself had to pay for travel expenses and accommodation. On his trip to Aswan , he met Francis Llewellyn Griffith, who had the same goal. They agreed that Griffith would copy and study the rock inscriptions while Petrie worked on the grave inscriptions. Petrie praised the collaboration with Griffith and his scientific training in the highest tones.

New sponsors

Subsequently, there were no excavation projects in sight for Flinders Petrie and his career seemed to be coming to an early end. Again Amelia helped Edwards. She introduced him to Haworth, a textile manufacturer from Manchester , who had been interested in Egypt since he had made the trip A Thousand Miles up the Nile described by Edwards in 1882 and had spontaneously supported the EEF. Edwards informed Petrie that Haworth did not want any looting and would stay in the background so that his name would not appear anywhere. Another sponsor was Henry Martyn Kennard, an art collector. Petrie writes: that he “still did not wish to devote his time entirely to the service of anyone. The plan I presented to my friends, which went very smoothly, was that they would pay for all labor and transportation while I carried all of my expenses myself. In return, we shared all of the objects that came to England. It was in my best interest to contribute as much as possible. "

From 1887 the two men began to support Petrie's excavations in Illahun / Kahun, Gurob and Hawara .

Excavations in Amarna

Painted floor in Amarna 1891
Painted floor in Amarna - cutout in color

Petrie had difficulties obtaining an excavation license for Amarna from Eugène Grébaut , the head of the Antiquities Service from 1886 to 1892. He received it with the condition that the rock graves were excluded. Petrie accepted the commitment. Alessandro Barsanti , an employee of the Antiquities Service, began clearing the tomb of King Akhenaten , whose mummy was later discovered in tomb KV55 in the Valley of the Kings , in December 1891 . The royal grave ( Amarna grave 26 ) is said to have been known to the locals since 1880. Petrie later accused Grébaut of hiding the find.

On November 17, 1891, Petrie arrived in Amarna. Early in the morning and in the late afternoon, when the rays of the sun fell obliquely, he could see the course of streets and buildings under the sand of millennia. He started his work systematically after five days and within three days had excavated the palace, where he found a wonderful painted floor with birds in the reeds and exotic flowers. In the middle there was a pond with lots of fish. The government official overseeing his work reported the find to Cairo and two weeks later ordered a protective wall to be built around the 3,000-year-old floor. Petrie had already placed wooden planks over it so that it would not be stepped on directly, and now he was also having a roof built. He later found a second floor and had it protected as well.

Petrie dug mainly in the city with the Great Aton Temple, the palace, the king's private apartments, the room with the Pharaoh's correspondence and some private houses. Although it was often nothing more than an archaeological probe (test), he found other clay tablets, the remains of some glass workshops, and a large number of faience , glass and ceramic shards (including Mycenaean pottery shards ) by combing the palace's rubble.

In early 1892, Professor Archibald Henry Sayce visited Petrie in Amarna. Petrie had found 22 clay tablets that Sayce wrote about in his book. They are located in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford and are among the approximately 300 letters and documents from the Amarna tablets that were discovered .

Carter as an assistant

Akhenaten's death mask from Amarna
Glass grapes found in Amarna

William Tyssen-Amherst showed interest in Petrie's work in Amarna and proposed through the Egypt Exploration Fund to contribute funds for the excavation in the expectation of obtaining antiques for his collection. It is believed that Percy Newberry , who knew the Amherst Collection, suggested Howard Carter , who grew up in Swaffham and also met Amherst through his father. Newberry and Carter were working in Dair al-Berscha at the time and had already visited Petrie. After Petrie received the sum of £ 200, he agreed that Howard Carter should work as an agent for Amherst under his concession, provided that he, Petrie, controlled the work and had the right to display and publish what was found would, keep.

When Carter arrived from El-Bersha in Armana on January 2, 1892, Petrie assigned him an area of ​​the temple and later in the city. Carter received an introduction to the excavation method from Petrie for about a week. He was also assigned an excavator. Although he often accompanied Petrie on his walks across the site, so that he was later able to create an overview map with all the routes, it would be presumptuous to speak of a real training. When Carter finally found pottery from the Aegean Sea , Petrie brought him some experienced excavators from his team. Carter also found the remains of a glass factory and a sculpture workshop. Here he discovered many glass and ceramic fragments, as well as forms for making rings. He was particularly lucky to find a wonderful statue of Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti , which later came into the Amherst collection.

One day in January, one of his men came to Petrie with a plaster cast of a face he had found by accident. He discussed the mask with Carter, who had already worked with prints. They concluded that this was Akhenaten's death mask . This mask then adorned the frontispiece of his book.

Carter had spent a total of four months with Petrie. Later he said about this time: "Petrie's training during those months of hard work transformed me, I believe, into something of the nature of an investigator - to dig and examine systematically." ("The training with Petrie during months of hard work turned me into a kind of researcher - systematically digging and investigating.")

On May 20, Petrie loaded 125 boxes by boat; 35 were supposed to go by train that had been approved for export by the antique service. However, Petrie now had 36 boxes and the railroad clerk refused to accept them. On the spur of the moment, Petrie bought wood and nailed two boxes together on the beams to get the approved number of 35.

First chair in Egyptology in England

Amelia Edwards died in April 1892 and bequeathed both her large library and her Egyptian antiquities to the University College . Along with that came her legacy of £ 2,500 for the establishment of the first Chair of Egyptology in England, provided that the holder should not be over 40 years old and not be associated with the British Museum . Petrie was 39 years old at the time and was indeed appointed to the position as Edwards had requested. Library, collection and chair should form a unit. Petrie kept the "Edwards Chair" until 1933. Flinders Petrie was the first (and probably the only one) who received a professorship without a degree and complete schooling.

Wedding with Hilda Urlin

Petrie had already turned 40 and was still a bachelor because he said that he couldn't put the hard life in a camp in the desert on a woman. In 1895 the painter Henry Holiday (1839–1927) sent him 25-year-old Hilda Urlin to draw ancient Egyptian clothes. Petrie needed the drawings for a planned book. He was immediately enthusiastic about the young woman. Encouraged by her desire to get to know Egypt, Petrie sent her many letters the following winter.

After his return from Egypt, Petrie proposed marriage to Hilda that summer. She hesitated at first, probably because of the great age difference, but then consented, so that they married on November 29, 1896 and immediately traveled to Egypt.

Petrie worked again for the EEF in Dendera , 70 kilometers north of Luxor , where he was supposed to explore the burial ground behind the temple. Hilda didn't have to deal with the domestic side of camp life, as Flinders was used to taking care of everything alone - even his socks. He expected her, like everyone else, to make a living on canned food and ship's biscuits. The boxes with the supplies were in her hut and served as furniture. At the end of the season, the finds were packed in the boxes.

Hilda was immediately involved in the work. Since she had attended lectures in geology at King's College for Women in London with geologist Harry Govier Seeley and had also taken part in excursions and trained as a facsimile draftsman, she immediately climbed a rope ladder into the underground vaults and drew the inscriptions and depicted scenes. When a sarcophagus could not be photographed, it lay on the floor for days to copy the approx. 20,000 hieroglyphs . Although she couldn't read hieroglyphs, her copies were very accurate and hardly needed any corrections. She learned to draw vessels, pearls and scarabs as well as other small found objects and learned Arabic to speak to the workers. She also did her part in providing medical aid: she put bandages on for injuries and administered cough medicine to workers, many of whom were still children. She was in charge of writing the daily progress report that Petrie sent weekly to the committee and friends. At home in England she helped him write the season report and catalog it. She also helped prepare the summer exhibition of the finds at University College.

The son John was born in April 1907 and the daughter Ann in August 1909. Since 1904 he was a member of the British Academy .

Foundation of the British School of Archeology in Egypt

In 1905 the EEF had no money to support Petrie for another season as they were tied with Naville in the costly excavation at Deir el-Bahari. Added to this were difficulties with the American fund, whose support had fallen sharply. He founded the British School of Archeology in Egypt (BSAE) as his own fundraising and publishing company. (His "Egypt Research Account" founded in 1894 was incorporated into it.) The committee consisted of a few friends and James H. Walker from the university and he and his wife Hilda became Honorary Secretaries . Hilda now had to recruit members to support her husband's work and was almost exclusively busy writing letters (by hand, she never owned a typewriter). During the summer months, Petrie lectured across the country and solicited support. In later years Hilda also gave lectures, especially to women's groups.

In the next few years Flinders Petrie expanded his work across Egypt and met other Egyptologists . His assistants included James Edward Quibell , Gertrude Caton-Thompson, and Guy Brunton , who were all good archaeologists. Often he also had women on his team. B. in Margaret Murray in Abydos, who discovered the Osireion there in 1903 and dealt with religious texts.

In 1913 Petrie sold his large collection of antiques to the University College, which thus owned the largest Egyptian collection in the world. During the Second World War, the collection was partly stored in the basement and partly in other houses outside London, so that it was hardly damaged.

The "two brothers" from Rifeh

Statuettes from the tomb of the "two brothers"

The rock tombs of Rifeh stretch over several hundred meters on the rocky slopes. The Coptic graves were furthest north . Most of the graves in the Rifeh necropolis belong to the 12th Dynasty and earlier. But you can also find royal names from the 18th and 19th dynasties. In 1906/07 Ernest Mackay worked here for the British School of Archeology of Egypt as an assistant to Flinders Petrie. Petrie himself dug in the Giza and Asyut areas as far as Sohag . The grave of the "two brothers" was discovered in 1907 by a worker. It was an untouched grave and the most beautiful non-royal grave ever found in the area. Petrie came to Rifeh immediately. Since both coffins were in a tomb, they were called "the two brothers".

A canopic box with four canopic containers was found near the coffins . There were three statuettes with images of the grave owners, as well as wooden figures of the servants, boats and some pottery containers for food. The contents of the grave with the two painted mummy coffins from the 12th Dynasty (approx. 1985–1773 BC) went to the Manchester Museum.

In 1908 the coffins were opened in the University of Manchester and the mummies were unwrapped by Margret Murray in the presence of Flinders Petrie.

The mummies of the "two brothers", Khnum-Nacht and Necht-anch, were examined again in 1979 by Rosalie David , the founder of forensic Egyptology in Manchester, using all modern methods available. In doing so, she was able to prove that they were neither related nor even looked alike.

Withdrawal from Egypt

After the First World War (1914-1918), Petrie had been cataloging the museum holdings at University College and Hilda in various hospitals, they traveled to Egypt in 1919 for the first time. In 1921 Petrie worked again on the graves in Abydos and later in Oxyrhynchos (today: Al Bahnasa, near Sandafa), where he found the remains of colonnades, remains of the theater and parts of the necropolis. He was now 70 and the long years of his strenuous and self-indulgent life were beginning to show in his state of health, so that he traveled less to Egypt.

In the 1920s, Guy Brunton oversaw many excavations at the British School of Archeology in Egypt. During the season in Qau el-Kebir and Badari Petrie was there again and explored one of the many cemeteries in the area of ​​Qau as well as the large rock tombs of the rulers of the Middle Kingdom (approx. 2025-1700 BC). Most of the finds, however, come from the excavations of Brunton and Gertrude Caton-Thompson, including the necropolis of the earliest people who practiced agriculture in Upper Egypt. Today they are known under the term "Badarian Culture" (4400-4000 BC).

Based on these grave goods and those of Naqada and Hierakonpolis , the connection and development of prehistoric Egyptian human history could be derived.

The discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb ( KV62 ) with his treasures in the Valley of the Kings led to tensions between Howard Carter and the Antiquities Service, which affected all archaeologists. The export of antiques should be restricted and a national movement demanded that all antiques should remain in Egypt. Petrie feared that he would no longer be able to reward museums and organizations with objects and thus lose their support.

In 1923 he received the Bath Order for Service to Egypt - for his services in Egypt.

In Palestine

1930 in Palestine: Flinders and Hilda Petrie (center), left Olga Tufnell (in white dress), second from right James L. Starkey.

In 1926, Petrie decided to go to Palestine because of the unclear conditions for archaeologists in Egypt - Egypt over the border, as he called it. In the spring of 1890 he had already dug in Tell el-Hesi and after a brief training from Frederick Jones Bliss (1859–1937) in Meidum (Egypt), he left the excavation to him, Bliss led the work together with Archibald Dickie and RAS Macallister continued successfully in Petrie's style for the next three years.

Now he was investigating what had once been the forts border between Egypt and its neighbors. It found its place on a group of large hills in Wadi Gazzeh, today Wady-Besor , southeast of Gaza. The first hill was Tell Jemmeh . James L. Starkey came back to Tell Jemmeh as his first assistant and guided the Bedouins after his experience with the Egyptian workers.

His wife Hilda stayed in England to raise money. But Palestine was not as popular with its old supporters as Egypt. They tried to approach the excavations from the biblical side and Hilda wrote a small book Sidenotes on the Bible in 1933 . In it she described the finds discovered by Petrie: a Philistine coffin lid , the "Temple of Onias" on Tell el-Yahudiya and the "Codex of Qau", an early Coptic copy of the Gospel of John .

In 1930 Petrie published his autobiography, which he dedicated to his wife "on whose efforts most of the work depended".

In 1930 they built their last camp near the Mediterranean Sea and the city of Gaza on the highest hill (height 26.6 meters) Tell el-'Ağğūl . Hilda was from England and they called their old cook from Egypt. It was the best equipped and most comfortable camp they ever had. Petrie said the hill was to be equated with the pre-Hellenistic Gaza . Gaza was open from 15 to 12 Century BC BC administrative center of the Egypt-controlled province of Canaan . In Old Testament times, Gaza was known as the Philistine city.

His former students had dug in Tell Far'a and its necropolis without Petrie, under the direction of James L. Starkey (including Olga Tufnell) . The place is about 30 km west of Beërscheba on the edge of the northwestern Negev . It flourished especially in the late Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. Now they too came to Tell el-'Ağğūl. A well-off American, Harris Dunscombe Colt Jr., also joined the expedition. But soon there were difficulties. Some of the young people openly criticized Petrie's approach to the settlement hill. Dunscombe complained to the Palestine Exploration Fund . When Dunscombe had a wooden hut built out of his own pocket, where everyone could sit down for a beer and a cigarette after work, the climate was completely poisoned. When they had secured financial support from other sources , they left Petrie's camp and began their own excavation at Tell ed-Duweir under James L. Starkey .

Grave of Flinders Petrie in the Protestant cemetery on Mount Zion

Petrie also ran into trouble with the Jerusalem Antiquities Service, who accused him of having a bogus list of antiques found and allowing his team to dig outside the confines of the concession. He should also refrain from rewarding his workers for a find - as he had always done in Egypt.

In 1933, his doctor advised Petrie to settle in the warmer climate. He resigned from his chair at University College and moved to Jerusalem. There they found accommodation in the house of the Albright Institute , where Petrie could work in his own library and meet other scientists.

However, the excavation did not let go of him. They bought an old bus which they converted into a "caravan" and with the new assistant Jack Ellis they drove north towards Syria. Petrie found a suitable site near Latakia , but the authorities refused him the license he needed. With the help of old friends, they have now received a license from the Egyptian Antiquities Service for an excavation in Sinai. In 1935 and 1937 they camped between the sand dunes near Sheikh Zoweyd , which had once been a fortification. One of their new assistants, Marjory Veronica Seton-Williams , later said that they lived very "frugally" - again from tins and biscuits.

Through Margaret Alice Murray and Ernest JH Mackay , Petrie's oldest assistants, they applied for a final season as joint directors for Tell el-'Ağğūl. There their camp was attacked by bandits in September 1939 and completely destroyed.

Only now did they live quietly in Jerusalem. In 1940 Petrie had to be hospitalized because he was very weak from an attack of malaria. He stayed there for two more years, physically weak but mentally active. Hilda visited him daily, brought him books and took his dictations. He died there on July 29, 1942. He was buried in the Protestant cemetery on Mount Zion . Occasionally, archaeologists from neighboring excavations place a shard on his tombstone, paying their respects to the "father of archeology".

The eccentric

Flinders kept a strict regiment during his excavations. To start work at sunrise, he blew the whistle. He did not tolerate laziness. If he found a man sitting around, he was immediately released. Each worker had his squad of boys who brought the remains of the excavation up in baskets. They weren't treated more leniently. Rascals who waited downstairs for a buddy to then climb up with him singing were soon stopped singing at all. Every shovel of earth was searched for the smallest shard. His working methods deviated from the norm; For example, he paid his local excavation workers a premium for every find. This was unusual, but Petrie wanted to counter the lure of the illegal art trade and save many of the unearthed pieces for science.

Petrie was a fan of field inspection. In photos he is often seen with a long stick that he could use to poke the ground. It is a preparatory measure to select a single site for the later excavation. You walk across an area and write down all the visible archaeological features that are still there, i.e. H. from pottery shards to architectural ruins. Petrie liked to walk. When his wife rode on horseback and his foreman on donkey, Petrie went on foot and did so well into old age.

In 1931 Petrie experienced his “Waterloo” in Tell el-'Ağğūl. Some young archaeologists had joined the excavation and built a house where they would meet after work to socialize and have a beer. That was of course a thorn in the side of Flinders and Hilda Petrie with their usual ascetic way of life and there were arguments. James Leslie Starkey , who had probably hoped that Petrie would finally put him in charge of the excavation, left the professor with some of the younger assistants such as Olga Tufnell , GL Harding and C. Inge in 1932 to start their own excavation at Tell ed-Duweir .

rating

Petrie as the "father of archeology"

Petrie never fully learned the Egyptian language , but is still considered a pioneer in both Egyptology , archeology and paleopathology .

In the spring of 1890 he dug in Tell el-Hesi . During this time he explained for the first time his concept that a “tell” was a man-made mountain of successively successive “cities”. He introduced the dating of these "cities" with the help of the collection and grouping of their fragments by checking the extent to which there was a connection with similar finds in Egypt (cross reference). With this he laid the foundation for all future work in the archeology of the Levant . Petrie believed to have found the place “ Lachisch ”, which later turned out to be an error.

From 1894, Petrie developed his method of statistical analysis (chronology or row arrangement) of the finds further in the prehistoric necropolises of Naqada , Hu (Diospolis Parva), and Abadiya . In his investigation he proceeded as follows: Grave A contained some vessels that resembled those that were also in grave B. Grave B contained a large number of vessels of a later style, which in turn was only present in grave C. By creating a separate index card for each grave and putting them in a logical order, Petrie was able to establish a complete sequence and infer that the last graves probably dated from the 1st Dynasty . The development of life on the Nile was revealed from early settlers to farmers and the ruling class. Today stratigraphy is an integral part of archeology.

Flinders Petrie is considered a pioneer in modern archeology. He was the first to dig systematically and pay attention to every little part in the different layers of an excavation site. So he developed comparative dating based on the decorative characteristics and shapes of ceramics . In principle, he carried out what archaeologists call seriation by hand and created it with the help of computer programs.

Petrie was one of the first to have an x-ray taken from the bones of a mummy in 1897 at the Anatomical Institute of the University of London. According to Petrie, the findings supported his - later refuted - assumption that signs of ritual cannibalism could be seen in the bones. The following year he had an entire mummy x-ray taken in Cairo.

Petrie's most important discoveries

Works (selection)

Petrie published 102 books and 410 articles in journals and 388 scientific papers.

(in chronological order)

  • Inductive Metrology. Or, the Recovery of Ancient Measures from the Monuments. Saunders, London 1877.
  • Stonehenge. Edward Stanford, London 1880.
  • The Pyramids and Temples of Giza. Field & Tuer, London 1883.
  • Naukratis. Trubner, London 1886, full digital version .
  • Racial photographs from the Egyptian monuments = Racial types from Egypt (back title). (sn), London 1887.
  • A Season in Egypt. Trübner & Co. London, 1888
  • Two hieroglyphic papyri from Tanis. Trubner, London 1889, (With Francis Llewellyn Griffith ).
  • Tell el-Hesy (Lachish). London: Palestine Exploration Fund, 1891
  • Ten years' digging in Egypt. 1881-91. Religious Tract Society, London 1892.
  • A History of Egypt, from the Earliest Kings to the XVI th Dynasty. 6 volumes. London 1894. (With assistance from Stanley Lane-Poole , Joseph Grafton Milne , Edwyn Robert Bevan , John Pentland Mahaffy ).
    (Numerous extended editions, most recently: Histories & Mysteries of Man, London 1991, ISBN 1-85417-059-7 ).
  • Catalog of antiquities from Tel el Amarna, Upper Egypt. (sn), (sl).
  • Egyptian Tales. Methuen, London 1895.
  • Religion and Conscience in Ancient Egypt. Lectures delivered at University College, London. Methuen & Co., London 1898.
  • Syria and Egypt from the Tel El Amarna letters. Methuen & Co., London 1898.
  • Dendereh. Egypt Exploration Fund, London 1900.
  • The royal tombs of the first dynasty: 1900. Part I (= Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Volume 18). Egypt Exploration Fund et al., London 1900, ( digitization ).
  • The royal tombs of the earliest dynasties: 1901. Part II (= Memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Volume 21). Egypt Exploration Fund et al., London 1901 ( digitization ) ..
  • Methods and Aims in Archeology. Macmillan, London 1904.
  • Memphis I. School of Archeology in Egypt, University College, London 1908, online
  • Scarabs and cylinders with names: illustrated by the Egyptian collection in University College, London. School of Archeology in Egypt, London 1917.
  • Tools and weapons. British School of Archeology in Egypt and Egyptian Research Account, 1916, London 1917
  • Autobiography: Seventy Years in Archeology. Sampson Low, Marston & Co., London 1930.
  • Ancient Gaza 1-4, London 1931-1934. Follow-up volume: WMF Petrie et al., Ancient Gaza 5 ( A City of Shepherd Kings ), London 1952.

literature

  • Margaret S. Drower: Flinders Petrie. A Life in Archeology (= Wisconsin studies in classics. ). 2nd edition, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison 1996, ISBN 978-0-299-14623-8 .
  • Margaret S. Drower: Petrie, Sir William Matthew Flinders. In: Kathryn A. Bard (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt. Routledge, London 1999, ISBN 0-415-18589-0 , pp. 615-17.
  • Margaret S. Drower: Letters from the desert: The Correspondence of Flinders and Hilda Petrie. Aris & Phillips, Oxford 2003, ISBN 978-0-85668-748-8 .
  • Petrie, William Matthew Flinders (Sir). In: Wolfgang Helck : Small Lexicon of Egyptology. 4th revised edition. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1999, ISBN 3-447-04027-0 , p. 222.
  • Cornelia Römer : William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853–1942). In: Mario Capasso (Ed.): Hermae. Scholars and Scholarship in Papyrology (= Biblioteca degli Studi di egittologia e di papirologia. Vol. 4). Giardini, Pisa 2007, ISBN 978-88-427-1442-2 , pp. 53-55 (with picture).

Web links

Commons : Flinders Petrie  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ For all of his excavations see The Archaeological Record: Flinders Petrie in Egypt

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Joyce Tyldesley: Myth of Egypt. The story of a rediscovery. Reclam, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-15-010598-6 , p. 167 ff.
  2. ↑ Brenda Moon: More usefully employed: Amelia B. Edwards, writer, traveler and Campaigner for Ancient Egypt. EES, London 2006, ISBN 0-85698-169-9 , pp. 191ff.
  3. ↑ Introduction to Petrie: A Season in Egypt 1887. Truebner, London 1888.
  4. ↑ Museum Manchester ( Memento of the original from November 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.museum.manchester.ac.uk
  5. ↑ Flinders Petrie: Kahun, Gurob, and Hawara. Paul, Trench, Trübner, London 1890 diglit.ub.uni-heidelberg.de ( Memento of the original from October 6, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / diglit.ub.uni-heidelberg.de
  6. ^ TGH James: Howard Carter. The Path to Tutankhamun. Tauris, London 1992, 2006 edition, ISBN 978-1-84511-258-5 . Chapter 2, page 35 ff.
  7. ↑ Brenda Moon: More usefully employed: Amelia B. Edwards, writer, traveler and Campaigner for Ancient Egypt. EES, London 2006, ISBN 0-85698-169-9 , p. 240.
  8. ↑ Henra Holiday
  9. ↑ Margret S. Drower: Hilda Petrie, née Urlin (PDF; 408 kB)
  10. ^ Deceased Fellows. British Academy, accessed July 16, 2020 .
  11. ^ History of the Petrie Museum
  12. ^ Manchester Museum. Detailed page - also with Petrie's drawings
  13. ↑ Rosalie David: The Two Brothers: Death and the Afterlife in Middle Kingdom Egypt. Rutherford Press, Bolton 2007, ISBN 978-0-9547622-3-0
  14. ↑ The early cultures in Egypt
  15. ↑ Rosalie David, Rick Archbold: When Mummies Tell. Collection Rolf Heyne, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-89910-132-4 , p. 50.
  16. ↑ Eric P. Uphill in: Journal of Near Eastern Studies Volume 31, No. 4, October 1972, pp. 356 ff.


personal data
SURNAME Petrie, Flinders
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Petrie, William Matthew Flinders
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Egyptologist
DATE OF BIRTH June 3, 1853
PLACE OF BIRTH Charlton near London , Great Britain
DATE OF DEATH July 28, 1942
Place of death Jerusalem , Israel