Teuthidodrilus: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Genus of annelid worms}} |
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{{Orphan|date=November 2010}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
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{{Taxobox |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| phylum = [[Annelid]]a |
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| status = |
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| classis = [[Polychaeta]] |
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| status_system = |
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| ordo = [[Canalipalpata]] |
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| status_ref = |
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| subordo = [[Terebellida]] |
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| familia = [[Acrocirridae]] |
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| authority = Osborn, Madin & Rouse, 2011 |
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| parent_authority = Osborn, Madin & Rouse, 2011 |
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| synonyms = |
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| binomial = ''Teuthidodrilus samae'' |
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| synonyms_ref = |
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| binomial_authority = Osborn ''et al.'', 2010 <ref name=Osborn2010>{{cite journal|author=Osborn KL, Madin LP, Rouse GW|title=The remarkable squidworm is an example of discoveries that await in deep-pelagic habitats|journal=[[Biology Letters]]|volume=|issue|pages=in press|year=2010|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2010.0923}}</ref> |
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'''''Teuthidodrilus''''' (also known as '''squidworm'''), is a new [[genus]] of [[Marine (ocean)|marine]] [[annelid]]. This unique animal may represent a transitional organism, between the [[benthos]] ([[seabed]]-dwelling) and the [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]] (free-swimming) organisms. ''Teuthidodrilus samae'' is currently the only described [[species]] of this genus. |
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'''''Teuthidodrilus samae''''', dubbed as the '''squidworm''', is a [[species]] of [[Acrocirridae|acrocirrid]] [[marine worm|marine]] [[annelid]] worms. It is [[pelagic|free-swimming]] and can be found in the deep sea [[water column]] at depths of {{convert|2039|to|2912|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It feeds on [[marine snow]] and can grow to about {{convert|9|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}} in width. It is named for the ten squid-like appendages emerging from its head. It was discovered in 2007 in the [[benthopelagic zone]] of the [[Celebes Sea]], near the [[Tawi-Tawi]] islands of the [[Philippines]]. It is the [[monotypic|only species]] in the [[genus]] '''''Teuthidodrilus'''''.<ref name="Osborn"/><ref name="Watson">{{cite news |last1=Watson |first1=Traci |title="Flamboyant" New Squid Worm Surprises, Delights Experts |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/11/101124-squid-worm-new-species-science-teuthidodrilus-biology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017124638/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/11/101124-squid-worm-new-species-science-teuthidodrilus-biology/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 17, 2019 |access-date=17 October 2019 |work=National Geographic |date=26 November 2010}}</ref> |
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==Discovery== |
==Discovery== |
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''Teuthidodrilus samae'' was discovered in the 2007 "Exploring the Inner Space of the Celebes Sea" expedition by the [[remotely operated underwater vehicle]] ''[[Global Explorer ROV]]'' operated from the Philippine research vessel [[Philippine Navy|BRP]] ''Hydrographer Presbitero''. Seven specimens were observed and collected from the deep-water column of the [[seafloor]]) of the [[Celebes Sea]] near the [[Tawi-Tawi]] islands of the [[Philippines]]. This area is part of the [[Coral Triangle]], a location known for its increased biodiversity. The specimens were recovered at depths ranging from {{convert|2039|to|2912|m|ft|abbr=on}}, all within the [[demersal zone]] of around {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} from the [[seafloor]].<ref name="Osborn">{{cite journal |last1=Osborn |first1=Karen J. |last2=Madin |first2=Laurence P. |last3=Rouse |first3=Greg W. |title=The remarkable squidworm is an example of discoveries that await in deep-pelagic habitats |journal=Biology Letters |date=2010 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=449–453 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2010.0923 |pmid=21106571|pmc=3097850 }}</ref><ref name="noaa">{{cite web |title=Exploring the Inner Space of the Celebes Sea 2007: September 27 – October 16, 2007 |url=https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/07philippines/welcome.html |website=Ocean Explorer |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) |access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref> |
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The first specimen was collected in the [[Celebes Sea]] in October 2007.{{cn}} A second specimen was discovered in a nearby area by a group of [[Marine biology|marine biologists]] from the [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]] in November 2010. Using a [[remotely operated underwater vehicle]] during exploration of the deep [[water column]] of the western Celebes Sea, the team found the animals at a depth of 2.8 kilometres (1.7 miles).<ref name=Osborn2010/> The Celebes Sea is a deep [[oceanic basin]] with a maximum depth of 20,300 feet (6,200 metres). It is part of the [[Coral Triangle]], an area known for its high [[biodiversity]]. |
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==Taxonomy== |
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==Classification and phylogeny== |
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''Teuthidodrilus samae'' is the [[monotypic|only species]] classified in the [[genus]] ''Teuthidodrilus.'' It belongs to the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Acrocirridae]] of the [[Class (biology)|class]] [[Polychaeta]] in the [[phylum]] [[Annelida]]. It is classified along with the genus ''[[Swima]]'' in the "swimming [[clade]]" within the family Acrocirridae. A similar undescribed and uncollected specimen observed from off western [[India]] by the ''Hercules 7'' ROV in 2004 may represent a second species in the genus.<ref name="Osborn"/> |
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''Teuthidodrilus'' is thought to be a previously unobserved genus which may represent a transition between the benthos and the pelagic organisms.<ref name=ref name=Osborn2010/><ref name=Guardian2010>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/nov/24/squid-worm|title='Squid worm' emerges from the deep|date=November 23, 2010|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|author=Sample I}}</ref><ref name=Cressey2010>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2010/11/strange_squidworm_showcases_se.html|title=The Great Beyond: Strange ‘squidworm’ showcases sea’s secrets|date=November 24, 2010|publisher=Nature|author=Cressey D|accessdate=2010-11-25}}</ref> Following is a brief description of the [[cladistics]] and [[taxonomic rank|taxonomic classification]] of ''Teuthidodrilus'': |
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* [[Molecular phylogenetics|Phylogenetic analysis]] of five of its genes has revealed that the ''Teuthidodrilus'' genus belongs to the [[Acrocirridae]] [[family (biology)|family]].<ref name=ref name=Osborn2010/> |
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* the Acrocirridae family is a member of the [[Terebellida]] suborder of the [[Canalipalpata]] [[Order (biology)|order]], also known as '''bristle-footed annelid'''s or '''fan-head worms'''. |
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* the Canalipalpata order belongs to the [[Polychaete]] [[Class (biology)|class]], also known as '''bristle worms'''. There are more than 10,000 described species of polychaetes; they can be found in nearly every marine environment. Some species live in the coldest ocean waters of the [[abyssal plain]], while others can be found in the extremely hot waters adjacent to [[hydrothermal vent]]s. Polychaetes occur throughout the [[World Ocean]] at all depths, from forms that live as [[plankton]] near the surface, to a 2–3 cm specimen (still unclassified) observed by the robotic ocean probe [[Nereus (underwater vehicle)|Nereus]] at the bottom of the [[Challenger Deep]], the deepest spot in the Earth's oceans.<ref name=NatGeo2005>{{cite web|url=http://daymix.com/go/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/02/0203_050203_deepest.html|title=Life Is Found Thriving at Ocean's Deepest Point|author=Roach J|year=2005|publisher=National Geographic News|accessdate=2010-11-25}}</ref><ref name=Guam>website of the government of Guam: [http://ns.gov.gu/geography.html Geography of Guam]. Accessed 03 May 2010.</ref><ref name=WHOI>{{Cite journal|author=Lippsett L, Nevala AE|title=Nereus Soars to the Ocean's Deepest Trench|journal=Oceanus Magazine, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution|volume=|issue=|pages=|year=2009|pmid=|doi=|url=http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=57606|accessdate=2010-11-25}}</ref><ref name=WHOI2>{{Cite journal|author=WHOI Media Relations|title=Hybrid Remotely Operated Vehicle "Nereus" Reaches Deepest Part of the Ocean|journal=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution|volume=|issue=|pages=|year=2009|pmid=|doi=|url=http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=24136&tid=282&cid=57586|accessdate=2010-11-25}}</ref> |
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* the Polychaete class belongs to the [[Annelid]] [[phylum]], also known as also called '''ringed worms'''. There are over 17,000 living annelid species,<ref name=RouseAnellidInEncOfLifeSci>{{Cite book| contribution=Annelida (Segmented Worms)|author=Rouse GW|title=Encyclopedia of Life Sciences|year=2002|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.|doi=10.1038/npg.els.0001599}}</ref> ranging in size from microscopic to the Australian [[giant Gippsland earthworm]], which can grow up to {{convert|3|m|ft}} long.<ref name=RuppertFoxBarnesAnnelGen>{{cite book|author=Ruppert EE, Fox RS, Barnes RD|title=Invertebrate Zoology|chapter=Annelida|publisher=Brooks/Cole|edition=7th| isbn=0030259827|date=2004|pages=414–20}}</ref><ref name=Lavelle1996>{{cite journal|last=Lavelle|first=P|year=1996|title=Diversity of Soil Fauna and Ecosystem Function|journal=Biology International|volume=33|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_6/b_fdi_45-46/010008126.pdf|accessdate=2010-11-25}}</ref> |
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The [[Generic name (biology)|generic name]] comes from [[International scientific vocabulary|Greek]] for "squid worm", while the [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] is in honor of the [[Sama people]] of the Tawi-Tawi islands.<ref name="Watson"/> The [[holotype]] is deposited in the [[National Museum of the Philippines]].<ref name="Osborn"/> |
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==Anatomy and physiology== |
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''Teuthidodrilus'' specimens observed and collected as of 2010 have measured up to 9.4 centimetres (3.7 inches) in length. These animals are notable for the unusual [[tentacle|tentacular]] appendages (referred to as "notochaetae") that protrude from its [[prostomium]] (anterior segment, or head). Ten of these tentacles as long or longer than its body protrude from the head, along with six pairs of free-standing, oppositely branched [[nuchal organ]]s that allow the animal to taste and smell underwater. It is the notochaetae and the nuchal organs which primarily distinguish ''Teuthidodrilus'' from other polychaetes.<ref name=Osborn2010/> |
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==Physical characteristics== |
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==Behavior== |
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The collected specimens ranged in size from {{convert|2|to|9.4|cm|in|abbr=on}} in body length. The [[holotype]] has a body width of around {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Adults are light brown when alive, becoming light black in color when preserved. Juveniles are almost transparent.<ref name="Osborn"/> |
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''Teuthidodrilus'' does not appear to be a [[Predation|predator]], feeding instead on bits of so-called "[[marine snow]]," a mix of sinking microscopic plants and animals, fecal material and cast-off [[mucus]]. Swimming upright, it navigates by moving two body-length rows of thin, paddle-shaped protrusions that cascade like dominoes.{{cn}} |
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The body is divided into 25 segments ([[wikt:chaetiger|chaetiger]]s) with pairs of large flattened paddle-shaped [[notopodia]], around {{convert|15|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length. Each notopodium has greater than 50 [[chaeta]]e (bristles) arranged into a fin-like shape, except the first segment which has less than 10. Alongside the notopodia are pairs of [[neuropodia]], each with around 2 to 4 chaetae.<ref name="Osborn"/><ref name="Sample">{{cite news |last1=Sample |first1=Ian |title='Squid worm' emerges from the deep |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/nov/24/squid-worm |access-date=17 October 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=24 November 2010}}</ref> |
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==Geographic distribution and habitat== |
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Squidworms live about 100 to 200 metres above the ocean floor.<ref name=AFP20101124>{{cite news|title=Spindly species found in ocean's crushing depths|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|publisher=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=2010-11-24|url=http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101124/sc_afp/scienceoceansbiodiversity|accessdate=2010-11-25}}</ref> |
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The head segment ([[prostomium]]) supports five pairs of long appendages. Four pairs of appendages are sensory and breathing organs (branchiae) at least {{convert|68|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length. They are arranged along the upper and side ridges of the head, arising from the pair of feather-like [[nuchal organ]]s which analyze chemical signals in the sea. The fifth pair of appendages are grooved and coiled feeding [[palp]]s arising from below the mouth, which is located in the front-bottom corner of the head.<ref name="Osborn"/> |
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==See also== |
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Their internal anatomy is relatively visible from the outside since their outer body is semi-transparent. Two parallel [[ventral nerve cord]]s run lengthwise throughout the body, fusing into two pairs of [[ganglia]] in each segment. The gut forms three loops in the second to sixth segments. The circulatory system consists of a heart body and large vessels leading to the gills. The pair of [[nephridia]] extends from the first segment to the fifth segment. The female [[gonad]]s are located in the second to fourth segments with beige-colored grape-like clusters of variously-sized [[ova]] (with a maximum diameter of {{convert|1|mm|in|abbr=on}}).<ref name="Osborn"/> |
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==Behavioral characteristics== |
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Not much is known of this creature’s behavior other than its ability to swim with proficiency using their paddle-like notopodia. It is categorized as a suspension eater since it consumes [[marine snow]], which consists of pieces from animals, plants, feces and other organic materials that precipitate from the higher parts of the ocean towards the abyss.<ref name="Osborn"/><ref name="Choi">{{cite news |last1=Choi |first1=Charles Q. |title=Bizarre Squidworm Discovered |url=https://www.insidescience.org/news/bizarre-squidworm-discovered |access-date=17 October 2019 |work=Inside Science |date=24 November 2010}}</ref> |
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In total, sixteen specimens were observed and seven were collected within just a few dives suggesting that this animal is a common member of the benthopelagic community of the Celebes Sea basin.<ref name="Osborn"/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* {{Cite web | url=http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-photos/squidworm-new-species | title=The Squidworm - A New Species}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from1=Q15303032|from2=Q1948429}} |
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{{annelid-stub}} |
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Latest revision as of 06:11, 22 November 2023
| Teuthidodrilus | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Clade: | Sedentaria |
| Order: | Terebellida |
| Family: | Acrocirridae |
| Genus: | Teuthidodrilus Osborn, Madin & Rouse, 2011 |
| Species: | T. samae
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| Binomial name | |
| Teuthidodrilus samae Osborn, Madin & Rouse, 2011
| |
Teuthidodrilus samae, dubbed as the squidworm, is a species of acrocirrid marine annelid worms. It is free-swimming and can be found in the deep sea water column at depths of 2,039 to 2,912 m (6,690 to 9,554 ft). It feeds on marine snow and can grow to about 9 cm (3.5 in) in length and 1 cm (0.39 in) in width. It is named for the ten squid-like appendages emerging from its head. It was discovered in 2007 in the benthopelagic zone of the Celebes Sea, near the Tawi-Tawi islands of the Philippines. It is the only species in the genus Teuthidodrilus.[1][2]
Discovery[edit]
Teuthidodrilus samae was discovered in the 2007 "Exploring the Inner Space of the Celebes Sea" expedition by the remotely operated underwater vehicle Global Explorer ROV operated from the Philippine research vessel BRP Hydrographer Presbitero. Seven specimens were observed and collected from the deep-water column of the seafloor) of the Celebes Sea near the Tawi-Tawi islands of the Philippines. This area is part of the Coral Triangle, a location known for its increased biodiversity. The specimens were recovered at depths ranging from 2,039 to 2,912 m (6,690 to 9,554 ft), all within the demersal zone of around 100 m (330 ft) from the seafloor.[1][3]
Taxonomy[edit]
Teuthidodrilus samae is the only species classified in the genus Teuthidodrilus. It belongs to the family Acrocirridae of the class Polychaeta in the phylum Annelida. It is classified along with the genus Swima in the "swimming clade" within the family Acrocirridae. A similar undescribed and uncollected specimen observed from off western India by the Hercules 7 ROV in 2004 may represent a second species in the genus.[1]
The generic name comes from Greek for "squid worm", while the specific name is in honor of the Sama people of the Tawi-Tawi islands.[2] The holotype is deposited in the National Museum of the Philippines.[1]
Physical characteristics[edit]
The collected specimens ranged in size from 2 to 9.4 cm (0.79 to 3.70 in) in body length. The holotype has a body width of around 1 cm (0.39 in). Adults are light brown when alive, becoming light black in color when preserved. Juveniles are almost transparent.[1]
The body is divided into 25 segments (chaetigers) with pairs of large flattened paddle-shaped notopodia, around 15 mm (0.59 in) in length. Each notopodium has greater than 50 chaetae (bristles) arranged into a fin-like shape, except the first segment which has less than 10. Alongside the notopodia are pairs of neuropodia, each with around 2 to 4 chaetae.[1][4]
The head segment (prostomium) supports five pairs of long appendages. Four pairs of appendages are sensory and breathing organs (branchiae) at least 68 mm (2.7 in) in length. They are arranged along the upper and side ridges of the head, arising from the pair of feather-like nuchal organs which analyze chemical signals in the sea. The fifth pair of appendages are grooved and coiled feeding palps arising from below the mouth, which is located in the front-bottom corner of the head.[1]
Their internal anatomy is relatively visible from the outside since their outer body is semi-transparent. Two parallel ventral nerve cords run lengthwise throughout the body, fusing into two pairs of ganglia in each segment. The gut forms three loops in the second to sixth segments. The circulatory system consists of a heart body and large vessels leading to the gills. The pair of nephridia extends from the first segment to the fifth segment. The female gonads are located in the second to fourth segments with beige-colored grape-like clusters of variously-sized ova (with a maximum diameter of 1 mm (0.039 in)).[1]
Behavioral characteristics[edit]
Not much is known of this creature’s behavior other than its ability to swim with proficiency using their paddle-like notopodia. It is categorized as a suspension eater since it consumes marine snow, which consists of pieces from animals, plants, feces and other organic materials that precipitate from the higher parts of the ocean towards the abyss.[1][5]
In total, sixteen specimens were observed and seven were collected within just a few dives suggesting that this animal is a common member of the benthopelagic community of the Celebes Sea basin.[1]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Osborn, Karen J.; Madin, Laurence P.; Rouse, Greg W. (2010). "The remarkable squidworm is an example of discoveries that await in deep-pelagic habitats". Biology Letters. 7 (3): 449–453. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0923. PMC 3097850. PMID 21106571.
- ^ a b Watson, Traci (26 November 2010). ""Flamboyant" New Squid Worm Surprises, Delights Experts". National Geographic. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ^ "Exploring the Inner Space of the Celebes Sea 2007: September 27 – October 16, 2007". Ocean Explorer. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ^ Sample, Ian (24 November 2010). "'Squid worm' emerges from the deep". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ^ Choi, Charles Q. (24 November 2010). "Bizarre Squidworm Discovered". Inside Science. Retrieved 17 October 2019.