Teuthidodrilus: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Genus of annelid worms}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| genus = Teuthidodrilus |
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| species = samae |
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| authority = Osborn, Madin & Rouse, 2011 |
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| parent_authority = Osborn, Madin & Rouse, 2011 |
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'''''Teuthidodrilus samae''''', dubbed as the '''squidworm''', is a [[species]] of [[Acrocirridae|acrocirrid]] [[marine worm|marine]] [[annelid]] worms. It is [[pelagic|free-swimming]] and can be found in the deep sea [[water column]] at depths of {{convert|2039|to|2912|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It feeds on [[marine snow]] and can grow to about {{convert|9|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length and {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}} in width. It is named for the ten squid-like appendages emerging from its head. It was discovered in 2007 in the [[benthopelagic zone]] of the [[Celebes Sea]], near the [[Tawi-Tawi]] islands of the [[Philippines]]. It is the [[monotypic|only species]] in the [[genus]] '''''Teuthidodrilus'''''.<ref name="Osborn"/><ref name="Watson">{{cite news |last1=Watson |first1=Traci |title="Flamboyant" New Squid Worm Surprises, Delights Experts |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/11/101124-squid-worm-new-species-science-teuthidodrilus-biology/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017124638/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/11/101124-squid-worm-new-species-science-teuthidodrilus-biology/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 17, 2019 |access-date=17 October 2019 |work=National Geographic |date=26 November 2010}}</ref> |
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'''''Teuthidodrilus samae''''', also known as the '''Squidworm''', belongs to the [[Annelida]] phylum (ringed worms) and in the [[Acrocirridae]] family of detritivorous worms. |
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==Discovery== |
==Discovery== |
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''Teuthidodrilus samae'' was discovered in the 2007 "Exploring the Inner Space of the Celebes Sea" expedition by the [[remotely operated underwater vehicle]] ''[[Global Explorer ROV]]'' operated from the Philippine research vessel [[Philippine Navy|BRP]] ''Hydrographer Presbitero''. Seven specimens were observed and collected from the deep-water column of the [[seafloor]]) of the [[Celebes Sea]] near the [[Tawi-Tawi]] islands of the [[Philippines]]. This area is part of the [[Coral Triangle]], a location known for its increased biodiversity. The specimens were recovered at depths ranging from {{convert|2039|to|2912|m|ft|abbr=on}}, all within the [[demersal zone]] of around {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on}} from the [[seafloor]].<ref name="Osborn">{{cite journal |last1=Osborn |first1=Karen J. |last2=Madin |first2=Laurence P. |last3=Rouse |first3=Greg W. |title=The remarkable squidworm is an example of discoveries that await in deep-pelagic habitats |journal=Biology Letters |date=2010 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=449–453 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2010.0923 |pmid=21106571|pmc=3097850 }}</ref><ref name="noaa">{{cite web |title=Exploring the Inner Space of the Celebes Sea 2007: September 27 – October 16, 2007 |url=https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/07philippines/welcome.html |website=Ocean Explorer |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) |access-date=17 October 2019}}</ref> |
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A new species of demersal zone (water area nearest to the sea bed) worms, the squidworm was observed and collected in the Celebes Sea between Indonesia and the Philippines, off the coast named Tawi-Tawi, during a deep-water expedition in 2007. This area is part of the Coral Triangle, a location known for its increased biodiversity. The squid worm was found at an astonishing depth of 2,800 meters. It is an unusual new genus and species of swimming Polychaete from the deep bentho-pelagic zone (deep-open ocean water layer). |
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This discovery was achieved via a remotely operated vehicle managed by researchers with the Census of Marine Zooplankton. In total, 6 specimens were collected. The name arises from the fact that this worm has 10 tentacle-like appendages on its head, resembling a squid. |
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==Taxonomy== |
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''Teuthidodrilus samae'' is the [[monotypic|only species]] classified in the [[genus]] ''Teuthidodrilus.'' It belongs to the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Acrocirridae]] of the [[Class (biology)|class]] [[Polychaeta]] in the [[phylum]] [[Annelida]]. It is classified along with the genus ''[[Swima]]'' in the "swimming [[clade]]" within the family Acrocirridae. A similar undescribed and uncollected specimen observed from off western [[India]] by the ''Hercules 7'' ROV in 2004 may represent a second species in the genus.<ref name="Osborn"/> |
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The [[Generic name (biology)|generic name]] comes from [[International scientific vocabulary|Greek]] for "squid worm", while the [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]] is in honor of the [[Sama people]] of the Tawi-Tawi islands.<ref name="Watson"/> The [[holotype]] is deposited in the [[National Museum of the Philippines]].<ref name="Osborn"/> |
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==Physical characteristics== |
==Physical characteristics== |
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The collected specimens ranged in size from {{convert|2|to|9.4|cm|in|abbr=on}} in body length. The [[holotype]] has a body width of around {{convert|1|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Adults are light brown when alive, becoming light black in color when preserved. Juveniles are almost transparent.<ref name="Osborn"/> |
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Collected specimens were found to be 9-10 cm in length and 1 cm in width. While living, they process a light brown color while their segmented body is relatively transparent. After preservation these specimens a adopt a light black color. Their outer body consists of a thin gelatinous sheath and incorporated 10 anterior appendages that are approximately the size of its body. Two of these tentacles are used for food collection while the other 8 of them are part of its respiratory and sensory system. Moreover, it posses two feather-like structures on its head, called nuchal organs which analyze chemical signals in the sea. |
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The body is divided into 25 segments ([[wikt:chaetiger|chaetiger]]s) with pairs of large flattened paddle-shaped [[notopodia]], around {{convert|15|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length. Each notopodium has greater than 50 [[chaeta]]e (bristles) arranged into a fin-like shape, except the first segment which has less than 10. Alongside the notopodia are pairs of [[neuropodia]], each with around 2 to 4 chaetae.<ref name="Osborn"/><ref name="Sample">{{cite news |last1=Sample |first1=Ian |title='Squid worm' emerges from the deep |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/nov/24/squid-worm |access-date=17 October 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=24 November 2010}}</ref> |
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Their organs are organized in a horseshoe-shaped appearance from the head to the back. Its mouth is located in the the anterior front part of its body and it has no barrier protecting its pharynx. The squidworm has four pairs of branchiae (gills) positioned in two rows behind its nuchal organs. |
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The head segment ([[prostomium]]) supports five pairs of long appendages. Four pairs of appendages are sensory and breathing organs (branchiae) at least {{convert|68|mm|in|abbr=on}} in length. They are arranged along the upper and side ridges of the head, arising from the pair of feather-like [[nuchal organ]]s which analyze chemical signals in the sea. The fifth pair of appendages are grooved and coiled feeding [[palp]]s arising from below the mouth, which is located in the front-bottom corner of the head.<ref name="Osborn"/> |
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Their internal anatomy, which is relatively visible from the outside since their outer body is semi-transparent, contains a heart, gut which forms loops, circulatory system with large efferent and afferent vessels leading to its gills. It also has give pairs of nephridia, which are organs similar to the kidney responsible for osmoregulation and expression. The female reproductive system consists of many spherical clusters of differently sized ova. |
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Their internal anatomy is relatively visible from the outside since their outer body is semi-transparent. Two parallel [[ventral nerve cord]]s run lengthwise throughout the body, fusing into two pairs of [[ganglia]] in each segment. The gut forms three loops in the second to sixth segments. The circulatory system consists of a heart body and large vessels leading to the gills. The pair of [[nephridia]] extends from the first segment to the fifth segment. The female [[gonad]]s are located in the second to fourth segments with beige-colored grape-like clusters of variously-sized [[ova]] (with a maximum diameter of {{convert|1|mm|in|abbr=on}}).<ref name="Osborn"/> |
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==Behavioral characteristics== |
==Behavioral characteristics== |
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Not much is known of this creature’s behavior other |
Not much is known of this creature’s behavior other than its ability to swim with proficiency using their paddle-like notopodia. It is categorized as a suspension eater since it consumes [[marine snow]], which consists of pieces from animals, plants, feces and other organic materials that precipitate from the higher parts of the ocean towards the abyss.<ref name="Osborn"/><ref name="Choi">{{cite news |last1=Choi |first1=Charles Q. |title=Bizarre Squidworm Discovered |url=https://www.insidescience.org/news/bizarre-squidworm-discovered |access-date=17 October 2019 |work=Inside Science |date=24 November 2010}}</ref> |
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In total, sixteen specimens were observed and seven were collected within just a few dives suggesting that this animal is a common member of the benthopelagic community of the Celebes Sea basin.<ref name="Osborn"/> |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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*http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-photos/squidworm-new-species |
* {{Cite web | url=http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-photos/squidworm-new-species | title=The Squidworm - A New Species}} |
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*http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/3/449.short |
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{{Taxonbar|from1=Q15303032|from2=Q1948429}} |
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*https://www.insidescience.org/news/bizarre-squidworm-discovered |
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*https://prezi.com/ouxxt0jgirwa/teuthidodrilus-samae-squidworm/ |
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*https://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu/name/Teuthidodrilus%20samae |
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*https://prezi.com/frda9mcezf6e/the-squidworm-teuthidodrilus-samae/ |
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*https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/nov/24/squid-worm |
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*https://australianmuseum.net.au/image/teuthidodrilus-samae |
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*http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-photos/squidworm-new-species |
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*http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/3/449.short |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Polychaetes]] |
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Latest revision as of 06:11, 22 November 2023
| Teuthidodrilus | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Annelida |
| Clade: | Pleistoannelida |
| Clade: | Sedentaria |
| Order: | Terebellida |
| Family: | Acrocirridae |
| Genus: | Teuthidodrilus Osborn, Madin & Rouse, 2011 |
| Species: | T. samae
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| Binomial name | |
| Teuthidodrilus samae Osborn, Madin & Rouse, 2011
| |
Teuthidodrilus samae, dubbed as the squidworm, is a species of acrocirrid marine annelid worms. It is free-swimming and can be found in the deep sea water column at depths of 2,039 to 2,912 m (6,690 to 9,554 ft). It feeds on marine snow and can grow to about 9 cm (3.5 in) in length and 1 cm (0.39 in) in width. It is named for the ten squid-like appendages emerging from its head. It was discovered in 2007 in the benthopelagic zone of the Celebes Sea, near the Tawi-Tawi islands of the Philippines. It is the only species in the genus Teuthidodrilus.[1][2]
Discovery[edit]
Teuthidodrilus samae was discovered in the 2007 "Exploring the Inner Space of the Celebes Sea" expedition by the remotely operated underwater vehicle Global Explorer ROV operated from the Philippine research vessel BRP Hydrographer Presbitero. Seven specimens were observed and collected from the deep-water column of the seafloor) of the Celebes Sea near the Tawi-Tawi islands of the Philippines. This area is part of the Coral Triangle, a location known for its increased biodiversity. The specimens were recovered at depths ranging from 2,039 to 2,912 m (6,690 to 9,554 ft), all within the demersal zone of around 100 m (330 ft) from the seafloor.[1][3]
Taxonomy[edit]
Teuthidodrilus samae is the only species classified in the genus Teuthidodrilus. It belongs to the family Acrocirridae of the class Polychaeta in the phylum Annelida. It is classified along with the genus Swima in the "swimming clade" within the family Acrocirridae. A similar undescribed and uncollected specimen observed from off western India by the Hercules 7 ROV in 2004 may represent a second species in the genus.[1]
The generic name comes from Greek for "squid worm", while the specific name is in honor of the Sama people of the Tawi-Tawi islands.[2] The holotype is deposited in the National Museum of the Philippines.[1]
Physical characteristics[edit]
The collected specimens ranged in size from 2 to 9.4 cm (0.79 to 3.70 in) in body length. The holotype has a body width of around 1 cm (0.39 in). Adults are light brown when alive, becoming light black in color when preserved. Juveniles are almost transparent.[1]
The body is divided into 25 segments (chaetigers) with pairs of large flattened paddle-shaped notopodia, around 15 mm (0.59 in) in length. Each notopodium has greater than 50 chaetae (bristles) arranged into a fin-like shape, except the first segment which has less than 10. Alongside the notopodia are pairs of neuropodia, each with around 2 to 4 chaetae.[1][4]
The head segment (prostomium) supports five pairs of long appendages. Four pairs of appendages are sensory and breathing organs (branchiae) at least 68 mm (2.7 in) in length. They are arranged along the upper and side ridges of the head, arising from the pair of feather-like nuchal organs which analyze chemical signals in the sea. The fifth pair of appendages are grooved and coiled feeding palps arising from below the mouth, which is located in the front-bottom corner of the head.[1]
Their internal anatomy is relatively visible from the outside since their outer body is semi-transparent. Two parallel ventral nerve cords run lengthwise throughout the body, fusing into two pairs of ganglia in each segment. The gut forms three loops in the second to sixth segments. The circulatory system consists of a heart body and large vessels leading to the gills. The pair of nephridia extends from the first segment to the fifth segment. The female gonads are located in the second to fourth segments with beige-colored grape-like clusters of variously-sized ova (with a maximum diameter of 1 mm (0.039 in)).[1]
Behavioral characteristics[edit]
Not much is known of this creature’s behavior other than its ability to swim with proficiency using their paddle-like notopodia. It is categorized as a suspension eater since it consumes marine snow, which consists of pieces from animals, plants, feces and other organic materials that precipitate from the higher parts of the ocean towards the abyss.[1][5]
In total, sixteen specimens were observed and seven were collected within just a few dives suggesting that this animal is a common member of the benthopelagic community of the Celebes Sea basin.[1]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Osborn, Karen J.; Madin, Laurence P.; Rouse, Greg W. (2010). "The remarkable squidworm is an example of discoveries that await in deep-pelagic habitats". Biology Letters. 7 (3): 449–453. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0923. PMC 3097850. PMID 21106571.
- ^ a b Watson, Traci (26 November 2010). ""Flamboyant" New Squid Worm Surprises, Delights Experts". National Geographic. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ^ "Exploring the Inner Space of the Celebes Sea 2007: September 27 – October 16, 2007". Ocean Explorer. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ^ Sample, Ian (24 November 2010). "'Squid worm' emerges from the deep". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
- ^ Choi, Charles Q. (24 November 2010). "Bizarre Squidworm Discovered". Inside Science. Retrieved 17 October 2019.