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{{Infobox Private School|
{{Armenians}}
name = La Salle Institute|
'''Iraqi [[Armenians]]''' comprise a small ethnic minority in [[Iraq]], with most living in the capital city of [[Baghdad]].<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/07/7b67bf96-cddf-4073-bf0f-f03c2475846c.html Radio Free Europe Article]</ref> It is estimated that there are about 20,000 Armenians living in the entire country with communities in Baghdad, Mosul, Basra, Kirkuk and Dohuk.<ref>There are 20,000 Armenians living in Iraq according to [http://www.armeniadiaspora.com/followup/population.html Armeniandiaspora.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/07/7b67bf96-cddf-4073-bf0f-f03c2475846c.html Radio Free Europe]</ref>
image = [[Image:LSIseal.jpg]]<br>|
established = 1850 |
type = [[Private School|Private]], [[Single-sex education|All boys]]|
religion = [[Catholic]]|
head_name = Principal|
head = Br. Carl Malacalza|
city = [[Troy, NY|Troy]]|
state = [[New York]]|
country = |
motto= ''Builders of boys, makers of MEN''|
campus = |
enrollment = 427 high school, 219 middle school <ref>[http://www.privateschoolreview.com/school_ov/school_id/19321 La Salle Institute - Troy, New York/NY - Private School Profile<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>|
faculty = 54|
ratio = 14:1|
year = |
SAT = |
athletics = 12 interscholastic sports teams|
colors = Blue and White|
mascot = Eagle|
homepage = [http://www.lasalleinstitute.org/ www.lasalleinstitute.org/]|
}}

'''La Salle Institute''' (LSI) is an all-male [[Private School|Private]], [[Catholic]], [[college preparatory school]] operated by the [[Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools|Brothers of the Christian Schools]], enrolling young men in grades six through twelve in [[Troy, NY|Troy]], [[New York]], [[USA]]. It is operated independent of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany]]. The current principal is Brother Carl Malacalza.


==History==
==History==
La Salle Institute was founded in [[1850]] and was originally located in downtown Troy. The school was first charted by the New York State Board of Regents in 1891<ref>[http://www.lasalleinstitute.org/aboutus/history.html La Salle Institute - Troy, NY - Home<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. In the 1960s a modern facility was constructed on Williams Road near the boundary between the City of [[Troy, NY|Troy]] and the Town of [[North Greenbush]]. The new campus opened in September of 1964. A substantial renovation and expansion was completed in 2001. La Salle Institute is located adjacent to the [[Hudson Valley Community College]] campus. La Salle Institute has twice been recognized by the United States Department of Education as a School of Educational Excellence. La Salle Institute is recognized by the Middle States Association Commission on Secondary Schools.


==Military==
Most of the Armenians originally came from [[Iran]] and first settled in the southern part of Iraq. While they have been moving into Iraq for several centuries, the largest movement of Armenian people came during the early twentieth century as they fled the persecution of the [[Armenian Genocide]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6293230.stm BBC NEWS Middle East | Crushing Iraq's human mosaic<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
La Salle's cadet battalion was first formed in 1891. Presently, all high school students at La Salle are enrolled in the Army [[Jrotc|Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (JROTC)]] Program. The goal of the program at the Institute is not to prepare students to be soldiers nor facilitate recruitment, but to motivate the youths to be better citizens. <ref>[http://www.lasalleinstitute.org/academics/jrotc/index.html La Salle Institute - Troy, NY - Fine Arts<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. The JROTC program at La Salle has been distinguished as an "Honor Unit with Distinction" by the [[United States Department of the Army]]. This is the highest merit ranking a school can be given. It means that La Salle Institute scored above a 95 on the assessment by the Department of the Army that occurs every 3 years.


==Athletics==
==Armenians and the Political situation ==
After the launch of second Iraqi campaign, more than 3,000 Armenians left the country, head of National Management of Armenians in Iraq Paruyr Hakopian stated. “Four years have passed since the launch of military campaign in Iraq by Coalition forces. And I confirm with certainty that the number of Armenians who have immigrated abroad does not exceed this mark,” he noted. Mr. Hakopian said four years ago there were 18,000 Armenians in Iraq and now only 15,000 of them live in the country. Generally during the past 4 years 1,500 Armenians immigrated to Syria, about 1,000 arrived in Armenia and about 500 departed for Jordan,” he stressed.<ref>[http://www.panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=21581 Armenian News - PanARMENIAN.Net Armenian News Agency - 28 Armenians died during 4 years in Iraq<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


La Salle Institute competes in men's interscholastic baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, bowling, ice hockey, lacrosse, football, wrestling, soccer, tennis and track (indoor & outdoor). La Salle Institute also has an Alpine ski team and a ski/snowboard Club.
During the [[Persian Gulf War]], of the 1,500 Armenians living with the predominant [[Kurd]] population in the northern town of [[Zakho]], three soldiers serving in Saddam Hussein's military were killed in coalition air strikes in [[Kuwait]], [[Basra]], and [[Mosul]], respectively. A count of four Armenian babies were also among the several hundred reported dead in fighting near the [[Turkey|Turkish]] border during the Gulf War.<ref>Fisk, Robert. ''The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East''. London: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006. pp. 685-686</ref> A further 130 from the town had died fighting in the [[Iraqi Army]] during the [[Iran–Iraq War]].


The LSI varsity basketball team plays in the Big 10 in Class AA. The La Salle Institute 2008 varsity football Team is a favored team to win the Big 10 this season. The head coach is Mr. Al Rapp, his assistants are Gary Lauver, Tim Maloney and Gerald Washington. In 2007 Marquis Terrell broke the La Salle record for most rushing yards in a season.
===2003 Invasion of Iraq===
The situation of the Armenians has considerably worsened in Iraq. Armenians have been subject to killings and kidnappings for ransom. Many Armenians have immigrated to other Middle Esatern countries (most notably Syria and Lebanon), to Europe, US, Canada and Australia. Armenian churches have also been target of bombings by paramilitary groups.


The La Salle Institute 2007-2008 varsity indoor track team finished 2nd (of 7) at the Big 10 Championships. First place finishes included David Nicol in the 1,000M, and Denis Hurley in the 3,200M. Other top finishers included Denis Hurley (2nd) in the 1,600M, David Nicol (3rd) in the 1,600M, James Doran (3rd) in the 3,200M, Chris Legare (2nd) in the 55H, Ethan Fleming (2nd) in the High Jump, Kyle Styczynski (2nd) in the Long Jump and Andrew Barada (2nd) in the Shot Put. On Saturday March 10, 2008 the LSI 4x1600m (4xmile) relay team of David Nicol, James Doran, Denis Hurley and Joe Kennedy placed 8th at the National Scholastic Indoor Championships at the New Balance Track and Field Center in New York City. They set a new school record in the event.
In October, [[2007]], two Iraqi Armenian women were killed by the [[Australian]] private security contractors, [[Unity Resources Group]], in [[Almasbah]] district in [[Baghdad]].<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/11/world/middleeast/11iraq.html?em&ex=1192248000&en=beb437be7ceabee0&ei=5087%0A 2 Killed in Shooting Mourned Far Beyond Iraq - New York Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article2624283.ece Security firms under attack after women are shot dead - Times Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The Armenian winner of the Miss Iraq competition has gone into hiding out of fear of being targeted by [[Islamic]] militants.<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2006-04-12-missiraq_x.htm USAToday.com Article]</ref>


The La Salle Institute 2008 varsity baseball team was ranked #1 in the state during their 2008 season. They made it to the state semi-finals where they lost to eventual state champions the Mamaroneck Tigers 7-5 ending their season 27-1.
===Deployment of Armenian Troops===
Armenia has decided to take part in the efforts of the US-led Coalition by sending 46 troops including 30 truck drivers, 10 bomb detonation experts, three doctors and three officers. They served the under Polish command in the Shiite city of Karbala and the nearby town of al-Hila. The extent of Armenian participation is far less than the 850 troups sent by neighbouring Georgia or the 150 commited by Azerbaijan.


==Band==
But the decision is more precarious as Armenians have an active comunity in Iraq, something that the Georgians and the Azerbaijanis don't. There has been valid concern that the decision of [[Armenia]] to send troops to support the U.S. [[War in Iraq]] may prompt attacks against Iraq's Armenian population.<ref>[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav110504.shtml Eurasia.net Article]</ref>
The music department at is run by John Russell. There three major performing ensembles: The Cadet Blues Jazz Band, the Symphonic Band and the Middle School Band. The Cadet Blues Jazz Band have won awards at the New Hartford and Oneida Jazz Festivals. In past years they have also traveled to Berklee College of Musical High School Jazz Festival and participated in the Columbus Day Parade in New York City.


'''Notable Awards'''
==Religion==
*''2003'' Second Place at Berklee College of Music High School Jazz Festival, Boston, MA
Iraqi Armenians follow the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] (also known as Armenian Orthodox) and the [[Armenian Catholic Church]].
*''2008'' Gold Award at the Fonda-Fultonville Jazz Festival, Fonda, NY
*''2008'' Gold Award at the Oneida Jazz Festival, Oneida, NY


==Activities==
St. Gregory the Illuminator Armenian Apostolic Church (at Younis al Sabaawi Square, Baghdad) is the main church for the Iraqi-Armenians. There is also the Saint Vartan Armenian Apostolic Church in Dohuk, northern Iraq.
*The Debate Club was co-founded in the Fall of 2007 by Lucas Bifera and Jordan Lavelle. This club, which is moderated by Mr. Hayes, meets weekly and is open to all students in grades 9 through 12. The Debate Club serves as an open forum for debate and discussion about current events, and issues that affect our lives. New members are always welcome.


*The McCormick and O'Donovan drill teams are the two La Salle Insitute drill teams. Led by 1SG's Smith and Peters, together they perform both school duties as well as competitions around the state and country. They are noted by their red cords and usually are the highest ranking students. Every day before school, both drill teams practice their drill routines.
The Armenian Catholic Archbishopric Church works in Baghdad.


*The Color Guard are members of the student body who present the colors at sporting events and Masses. Members are noted by their white cords.
So does the Armenian Evangelical Church of Baghdad (at Sahat al-Tahreer in Hay al-Wahda).


*The Rifle Club members are recognizable by their tan cords. They meet at the [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] range.
Some Armenian churches were also targets of bombing and some Armenians have died as a result of sectarian fighting in Iraq.


*''The Cadet'' is La Salle's student newspaper. It is written and published by the media homeroom, the moderator is John Conrad. The newspaper is distributed to all homerooms on a monthly basis to all homerooms. ''The Cadet'' talks about sports, events, music and also contains teacher interviews and a debate section. All students in grades six-through-twelve may contribute to the newspaper.
==Armenians in Avzrog==
[[Image:Iraqvillageavzrog.jpg|Saint Vartan Armenian Apostolic Church in [[Avzrog]], [[Dahuk Governorate]], [[Iraq]].]]


*The Student Senate representatives are elected at the beginning of each year. There are senators representing grades seven-through-twelve. The moderator of the Student Senate is Dr. Libbey-Landis. The Student Senate runs fundraisers, intramural sports and dances among other things at La Salle, and is very involved with service projects.
A small minority of Armenians live in '''Avzrog''' ('''أفزروك''' in [[Arabic]],'''Avzarok''' in [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]), a village in the [[Iraq]]i province of [[Dahuk Governorate|Dohuk]]. The village of [[Avzrog]] is split into two areas: one populated by [[Armenians]] and the other by [[Assyrians]]. The name of the village comes from the Kurdish language; av - water and zrog - yellow.


*The Drama Club at La Salle is run by Ms. Maffia-Tobler and puts on an annual performance in the spring. They have also had coffee house style performances in past falls. Students in grades 9-12, along with girls from regional high schools have put on productions such as ''Spoon River Anthology, ""Dial M for Murder,'' and ''Sherlock Holmes and The Case of the Sign of Four'' Students who don't want to perform can still participate by being a member of the production crew which help with scenery, setp up, cleaning, curtain and lighting.
It was built for the first time in 1932 when the Armenians of Zakho and its suburbs decided to establish the village and settle in it. The village was subject of destruction in 1975. The [[Armenians|Armenian]] inhabitants of Avzrog don't speak [[Armenian language|Armenian]]. They use the [[Kurdish language]]. Despite this, Armenians in Avzrog maintain their Armenian social identity like folklore and names. Avzrog has a total population of about 300 people.


*'''St. Mary's School in Kenya''' La Salle Institute along with other Lasallian schools across the country support and fund the St. Mary's School in Nyeri, Kenya. LSI holds clothing drives and a magazine drive to support the school in Kenya. La Salle Institute is the largest contributor to the St. Mary's School out of all Lasallian schools that donate. All the money raised from yearly magazine drive in February goes to support the school. La Salle is the only school/group participating the Reading at Home Fund-raising Program that donates all the money to a charitable cause outside of the school/group. Last year over $7,000 was raised. LSI also collects new or gently used clothing with a La Salle imprint/design on it for the children at St. Mary's. This year more than 10 boxes of clothing were sent.


==Notable alumni==
==Armenians in Iraqi Culture==
The two founding members of the Western-style pop group [[Unknown to No One]], Art Haroutunian and Shant Garabedian, are of Armenian heritage. During the rule of [[Saddam Hussein]] the band could only have its music aired once they sang a song celebrating the [[dictator]]'s birthday. Unknown to No One has been given a large amount of publicity in the post-Saddam era.<ref>[http://teacher.scholastic.com/scholasticnews/indepth/iraq/life_today/index.asp?article=band Scholastic News Article]</ref>


The following is an incomplete list of notable La Salle Institute alumni:
==See Also==
*[[List of Notable Armenian-Iraqis]]


* Dr. Joseph J. Bulmer: [[Nuclear engineer]] and President of [[Hudson Valley Community College]] from 1979 to 1996<ref>[https://www.hvcc.edu/news_events/newsstory.php?id=4428 Hudson Valley Community College - Statement from Hudson Valley Community College President Andrew J. Matonak on Dr. Joseph J. Bulmer's Death <!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
==Gallery==
* Robert D. Carlson, [[Professional Engineer|P.E.]]: Mayor of [[Watervliet, New York|Watervliet]], [[New York]] since 1996.
<gallery>
* Pat M. Casale: [[New York State Assembly]]man for the [http://www.assembly.state.ny.us/mem/?ad=108&sh=map 108th Assembly District] from 1992 until 2006<ref>[http://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/?ad=108&sh=bio New York State Assembly - Members<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
Image:Baghdad-ArmenianChildren1918.jpg|Armenian children in Baghdad, 1918.
* Bishop Howard Hubbard (1956): [[Bishop]] of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany]] from 1977 to the present.<ref>http://www.lasalleinstitute.org/documents/pdf/AlumniCadetFinalSummer2006.pdf</ref>
</gallery>
* Bishop Elias Manning (1956): [[Bishop]] of Valença, [[Brazil]]. <ref>[http://www.ofm-conv.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=30&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0 Focus on: Friar Elias Manning, O.F.M.Conv., Bishop of Valença, Brazil :: OFMConv. Website :: Ordo Fratrum Minorum Conventualium<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Michael R. McNulty]]: Member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] since 1988. Represents the [[New York's 21st congressional district|21st Congressional District of New York]].
* Guy Hebert: Hockey goalie, he played for 10 years in the National Hockey League and Team USA, including the 1997 NHL All-Star Game.


==References==
==External links==
*[http://www.lasalleinstitute.org/ Official La Salle Institute web site]
{{reflist|2}}
*[http://www.lasalle.org/ Brothers of the Christian Schools]
*[http://www.rcda.org/ Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany]
*[http://www.nycharities.org/event/event_1680.asp?CE_ID=1680/ La Salle Institute Online Bookstore]
*[http://stmaryslasalle.org// St. Mary's School in Kenya, Supported by La Salle Institute]


==See also==
{{Armenian diaspora}}
[[List of Catholic schools in New York]]

==References==


<references/>
[[Category:Armenian diaspora]]
[[Category:Iraqi Armenians|+]]
[[Category:Demographics of Iraq]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iraq]]


[[Category:High schools in New York]]
[[ar:أرمن العراق]]
[[Category:Lasallian educational institutions]]
[[Category:Preparatory schools in New York]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1850]]
[[Category:Private Schools in New York's Capital District]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic secondary schools in New York]]
[[Category:Rensselaer County, New York]]
[[Category:Private schools in New York]]
[[Category:Boys' schools in the United States]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany]]

Revision as of 08:53, 11 October 2008

La Salle Institute
File:LSIseal.jpg
Location
Map
Troy
,
New York
Information
TypePrivate, All boys
MottoBuilders of boys, makers of MEN
Religious affiliation(s)Catholic
Established1850
PrincipalBr. Carl Malacalza
Faculty54
Enrollment427 high school, 219 middle school [1]
Student to teacher ratio14:1
Color(s)Blue and White
Athletics12 interscholastic sports teams
MascotEagle
Websitewww.lasalleinstitute.org/

La Salle Institute (LSI) is an all-male Private, Catholic, college preparatory school operated by the Brothers of the Christian Schools, enrolling young men in grades six through twelve in Troy, New York, USA. It is operated independent of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany. The current principal is Brother Carl Malacalza.

History

La Salle Institute was founded in 1850 and was originally located in downtown Troy. The school was first charted by the New York State Board of Regents in 1891[2]. In the 1960s a modern facility was constructed on Williams Road near the boundary between the City of Troy and the Town of North Greenbush. The new campus opened in September of 1964. A substantial renovation and expansion was completed in 2001. La Salle Institute is located adjacent to the Hudson Valley Community College campus. La Salle Institute has twice been recognized by the United States Department of Education as a School of Educational Excellence. La Salle Institute is recognized by the Middle States Association Commission on Secondary Schools.

Military

La Salle's cadet battalion was first formed in 1891. Presently, all high school students at La Salle are enrolled in the Army Junior Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (JROTC) Program. The goal of the program at the Institute is not to prepare students to be soldiers nor facilitate recruitment, but to motivate the youths to be better citizens. [3]. The JROTC program at La Salle has been distinguished as an "Honor Unit with Distinction" by the United States Department of the Army. This is the highest merit ranking a school can be given. It means that La Salle Institute scored above a 95 on the assessment by the Department of the Army that occurs every 3 years.

Athletics

La Salle Institute competes in men's interscholastic baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, bowling, ice hockey, lacrosse, football, wrestling, soccer, tennis and track (indoor & outdoor). La Salle Institute also has an Alpine ski team and a ski/snowboard Club.

The LSI varsity basketball team plays in the Big 10 in Class AA. The La Salle Institute 2008 varsity football Team is a favored team to win the Big 10 this season. The head coach is Mr. Al Rapp, his assistants are Gary Lauver, Tim Maloney and Gerald Washington. In 2007 Marquis Terrell broke the La Salle record for most rushing yards in a season.

The La Salle Institute 2007-2008 varsity indoor track team finished 2nd (of 7) at the Big 10 Championships. First place finishes included David Nicol in the 1,000M, and Denis Hurley in the 3,200M. Other top finishers included Denis Hurley (2nd) in the 1,600M, David Nicol (3rd) in the 1,600M, James Doran (3rd) in the 3,200M, Chris Legare (2nd) in the 55H, Ethan Fleming (2nd) in the High Jump, Kyle Styczynski (2nd) in the Long Jump and Andrew Barada (2nd) in the Shot Put. On Saturday March 10, 2008 the LSI 4x1600m (4xmile) relay team of David Nicol, James Doran, Denis Hurley and Joe Kennedy placed 8th at the National Scholastic Indoor Championships at the New Balance Track and Field Center in New York City. They set a new school record in the event.

The La Salle Institute 2008 varsity baseball team was ranked #1 in the state during their 2008 season. They made it to the state semi-finals where they lost to eventual state champions the Mamaroneck Tigers 7-5 ending their season 27-1.

Band

The music department at is run by John Russell. There three major performing ensembles: The Cadet Blues Jazz Band, the Symphonic Band and the Middle School Band. The Cadet Blues Jazz Band have won awards at the New Hartford and Oneida Jazz Festivals. In past years they have also traveled to Berklee College of Musical High School Jazz Festival and participated in the Columbus Day Parade in New York City.

Notable Awards

  • 2003 Second Place at Berklee College of Music High School Jazz Festival, Boston, MA
  • 2008 Gold Award at the Fonda-Fultonville Jazz Festival, Fonda, NY
  • 2008 Gold Award at the Oneida Jazz Festival, Oneida, NY

Activities

  • The Debate Club was co-founded in the Fall of 2007 by Lucas Bifera and Jordan Lavelle. This club, which is moderated by Mr. Hayes, meets weekly and is open to all students in grades 9 through 12. The Debate Club serves as an open forum for debate and discussion about current events, and issues that affect our lives. New members are always welcome.
  • The McCormick and O'Donovan drill teams are the two La Salle Insitute drill teams. Led by 1SG's Smith and Peters, together they perform both school duties as well as competitions around the state and country. They are noted by their red cords and usually are the highest ranking students. Every day before school, both drill teams practice their drill routines.
  • The Color Guard are members of the student body who present the colors at sporting events and Masses. Members are noted by their white cords.
  • The Cadet is La Salle's student newspaper. It is written and published by the media homeroom, the moderator is John Conrad. The newspaper is distributed to all homerooms on a monthly basis to all homerooms. The Cadet talks about sports, events, music and also contains teacher interviews and a debate section. All students in grades six-through-twelve may contribute to the newspaper.
  • The Student Senate representatives are elected at the beginning of each year. There are senators representing grades seven-through-twelve. The moderator of the Student Senate is Dr. Libbey-Landis. The Student Senate runs fundraisers, intramural sports and dances among other things at La Salle, and is very involved with service projects.
  • The Drama Club at La Salle is run by Ms. Maffia-Tobler and puts on an annual performance in the spring. They have also had coffee house style performances in past falls. Students in grades 9-12, along with girls from regional high schools have put on productions such as Spoon River Anthology, ""Dial M for Murder, and Sherlock Holmes and The Case of the Sign of Four Students who don't want to perform can still participate by being a member of the production crew which help with scenery, setp up, cleaning, curtain and lighting.
  • St. Mary's School in Kenya La Salle Institute along with other Lasallian schools across the country support and fund the St. Mary's School in Nyeri, Kenya. LSI holds clothing drives and a magazine drive to support the school in Kenya. La Salle Institute is the largest contributor to the St. Mary's School out of all Lasallian schools that donate. All the money raised from yearly magazine drive in February goes to support the school. La Salle is the only school/group participating the Reading at Home Fund-raising Program that donates all the money to a charitable cause outside of the school/group. Last year over $7,000 was raised. LSI also collects new or gently used clothing with a La Salle imprint/design on it for the children at St. Mary's. This year more than 10 boxes of clothing were sent.

Notable alumni

The following is an incomplete list of notable La Salle Institute alumni:

External links

See also

List of Catholic schools in New York

References

  1. ^ La Salle Institute - Troy, New York/NY - Private School Profile
  2. ^ La Salle Institute - Troy, NY - Home
  3. ^ La Salle Institute - Troy, NY - Fine Arts
  4. ^ Hudson Valley Community College - Statement from Hudson Valley Community College President Andrew J. Matonak on Dr. Joseph J. Bulmer's Death
  5. ^ New York State Assembly - Members
  6. ^ http://www.lasalleinstitute.org/documents/pdf/AlumniCadetFinalSummer2006.pdf
  7. ^ Focus on: Friar Elias Manning, O.F.M.Conv., Bishop of Valença, Brazil :: OFMConv. Website :: Ordo Fratrum Minorum Conventualium
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