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{{Short description|Species of grass}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Urochloa panicoides''
|image = Urochloa panicoides.jpg
|status = LC
| image = Common signal grass.jpg
|status_system = IUCN3.1
| image_width = 250px
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn | author = Mani, S. | title = ''Urochloa panicoides'' | page = e.T177192A17669796 | year = 2013 | access-date = 30 May 2022}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|genus = Urochloa
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
⚫
|species = panicoides
| ordo = [[Liliopsida]]
| classis = [[Poales]]
|authority = [[P.Beauv.]]
|synonyms = ''Panicum borzianum''<br>''Panicum controversum''<br>''Panicum helopus''<br>''Panicum hirsutum''<br>''Panicum hochstetteranum''<br>''Panicum javanicum''<br>''Panicum oxycephalum''<br>''Panicum panicoides''<br>''Panicum setarioides''<br>''Urochloa helopus''<br>''Urochloa marathensis''<br>''Urochloa panicoides''<br>''Urochloa pubescens''<br>''Urochloa ruschii''
| familia = [[Poaceae]] – [[grass]]
| subfamilia = [[Panicoideae]]
|tribe=’’[[Paniceae]]
| genus = ''[[Urochloa]]'' [[Beauv.]] – [[cockspur grass]]
⚫
| species = '''''U. panicoides'''''
| binomial = Urochloa panicoides (L.) P.Beauv. – [[Annual signal grass]]
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Beauverd, Gustave (1867-1942)
|Beauv]]
}}
}}


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'''''Urochloa panicoides''''' is a [[fodder]] [[grass]] originating in [[Southern Africa]].


==Introduction==
== Description==
This annual grass has decumbent or upright stems up to a meter long. It may root where its lower nodes contact the substrate. The leaves have linear or lance-shaped blades up to 25 centimeters long. They are hairless to somewhat hairy, and they may have hairs lining the edges. The [[inflorescence]] is composed of up to 10 [[raceme]]s, each up to 7 centimeters long. The spikelets are solitary or paired.<ref>{{GrassBase | name = ''Urochloa panicoides'' | id = imp10723}}</ref>
⚫
''''' [[Urochloa]] panicoides (L.) P.Beauv..''''' is a fodder grass originating in Southern Africa.


''Urochloa panicoides'' can be confused with ''[[Urochloa setigera]]'', but the morphology of the spikelet is slightly different.
==Synonymes==
* Panicum borzianum Mattei fide Fl. Trop. E. Africa: 603.
* Panicum controversum Steud.
* Panicum helopus Trin. in Spreng. <ref>Neue Entdeckungen im Ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 84. 1821.. 2:84. 1821. Duthie, Fodder Grasses 8. 1888.</ref>
* Panicum helopus Trin. forma forma glabrescens K.Schum. fide Fl. Trop. E. Africa
* Panicum hirsutum Koen. ex Roxb.
* Panicum hochstetteranum A.Rich.
* Panicum javanicum Poir.
* Panicum oxycephalum Peter
* Panicum panicoides (P. Beauv.) Hitchc.
* Panicum setarioides Peter - (1928), non Steud. (1854).-- nom.nud.
* Urochloa helopus (Trin.) Stapf
* Urochloa marathensis Henr.
* Urochloa marathensis var. velutina Henr.
* Urochloa ruschii Pilg.
* Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 53,
* Urochloa panicoides var. marathensis (Henr.) Bor.
* Urochloa panicoides var. pubescens (Kunth) Bor
* Urochloa panicoides var. velutina (Henr.) Bor
* Urochloa pubescens Kunth


== Description==
Tufted annual; culms 10-100 cm high, often ascending from prostrate rooting base. Leaf-blades linear to narrowly lanceolate, 2-15 cm long, 5-15 mm wide, subamplexicaul, coarse, glabrous or pubescent, the margins tuberculate-ciliate at least near the base. Inflorescence of 2-7 (-10 or rarely more) racemes on a common axis 1-6 cm long; racemes 1-6 cm long, bearing single or sometimes paired spikelets on a narrowly winged rhachis, the pedicels (sometimes also the rhachis) with white hairs. Spikelets elliptic, (2.5-) 3.5-4.5 (-5) mm long, acute; lower glume ovate, a quarter to almost half as long as the spikelet, very rarely more, 3-5-nerved, obtuse to subacute; upper glume often with crossveins, glabrous or pubescent lower lemma sometimes with a setose fringe; upper lemma rugulose with a mucro 0.3-1 mm long.
In common with several other species of the genus, Urochloa panicoides has forms with glabrous, pubescent or setosely fringed spikelets; they appear to be of no taxonomic importance.
Urochloa setigera can be confused with forms of U. panicoides with pubescent, paired spikelets, especially when the base is missing. Urochloa panicoides has less abruptly cuspidate spikelets, a more coarsely rugose fertile floret, and a much longer mucro on the upper lemma.
==Distribution==
==Distribution==
This grass is native to southern Africa. It has [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] elsewhere, including Australia, Argentina, India and the United States.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
Pakistan (Punjab, N.W.F.P. & Kashmir); Sudan to Yemen and south-wards to South Africa: India; introduced to Australia. Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India; E and S Africa]. BOT, LES, NAM, EC, FS, GA, KN, LP, MP, NC, NW, SWZ

==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Moist grasslands, lakesides up to Alt: 140 - 2200 m.
It is most common on moist [[grassland]]s and lakesides up to an [[altitude]] of 2200 meters.

==Usage==
==Usage==
This is an excellent fodder grass for both cattle and horses, ascending to about 1500 m,mainly in cultivated land.
This grass is often used as a [[fodder]] for [[cattle]] and [[horse]]s. It is now known as a [[weed]] and a potential seed contaminant.

==Diseases and Pests==
==Diseases and pests==
This grass is susceptible to the maize streak monogeminivirus (also called bajra streak, cereal African streak virus, maize streak A virus). This virus is transmitted by an insect Cicadulina mbila, C. arachidis, C. bipunctella, C. triangula, C. bimaculata, C. similis, C. latens, C. ghaurii, C. parazeae; Cicadellidae.
This grass is susceptible to the [[maize streak virus]] (MSV), which is transmitted by ''[[Cicadulina]]'' leafhoppers such as ''[[Cicadulina mbila]]'', ''[[Cicadulina arachidis|C. arachidis]]'', ''[[Cicadulina triangula|C. triangula]]'', ''[[Cicadulina bimaculata|C. bimaculata]]'', ''[[Cicadulina similis|C. similis]]'', ''[[Cicadulina latens|C. latens]]'', ''[[Cicadulina ghaurii|C ghaurii]]'', and ''[[Cicadulina parazeae|C. parazeae]]''.
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It is also susceptible to the Cereal chlorotic mottle (?) nucleorhabdovirus. This too is transmitted by insect: Nesoclutha pallida, Cicadula bimaculata, Cicadulina bipunctata ssp. Bipunctella.
⚫
It is also susceptible to [[cereal chlorotic mottle virus]], which is transmitted by several insects, including ''[[Nesoclutha pallida]]'' and ''[[Cicadula bimaculata]]''.


==Ecology and control==
==Common names==
Common names for the grass include '''''barajalgauti''''', '''''basaunta''''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]), '''''tuinheesgras''''', '''''heesgras''''', '''''kurimanna''''' ([[Afrikaans]]), '''sharp-flowered signal-grass''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> '''annual signal grass''', '''garden signal grass''', '''panic liverseed grass''', '''herringbone grass''' ([[English language|English]]), '''kuri millet''' (in [[Zimbabwe]]), '''''pasto africano''''' ([[Italian language|Italian]]), '''''farsho''''' ([[Somali language|Somali]]), '''''kgolane''''', and '''''bore-ba-ntjia''''' ([[Sotho language|Sotho]]).


==References==
==Punjabi dialect forms==
{{Reflist}}
The following '''Punjabi''' dialect forms are recorded in [[Punjab]] for this grass:


{{Taxonbar|from=Q7900800}}
==Indian languages==
in India: barajalgauti, harat, basaunta, chaprai Ia. chat ta. gal¬phula. jal-ganti, jalganti. jhun. kaadu hilisamme kaadubilli-saatnal hullo. kakdel. kuwain, kowin. kuri, kuriya, motia. pandhar, poir.salla-woodoo, sallawudu, sam¬wan, semai.
===Indo-Aryan languages===
* '''[[Sanskrit]]''':
* '''[[Marathi]]''':
*'''[[Kannada]]''':
* '''[[Malayalam]]''':
===Dravidian languages==
* '''[[Tamil]]''':
* '''[[Telegu]]''':


[[Category:Panicoideae]]
== Non-Indian languages==
[[Category:Grasses of Africa]]
* ‘’’[[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]’’’: tuin-urochltta, tuinheesgras, heesgras, cenjarige sinjaalgras, kurimanna, tuingras.
[[Category:Flora of the Arabian Peninsula]]
* '''[[Chinese language|Chinese]]''': 黍尾稃草 lei shu wei fu cao
[[Category:Flora of Iran]]
* ‘’’[[English language|English]]’’’: annual signal grass, garden signal grass, garden grass, panic liverseed grass, liverseed grass, urochloa grass, garden urochloa, herringbone grass, kuri-millet, poke, panic urochloa grass, urochloa, garden.
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
* ‘’’[[Somali language|Somali]]’’’: farsho
[[Category:Taxa named by Palisot de Beauvois]]
* ‘’’[[Sotho language|Sotho]]’’’: kgola, kgolane, bore-ba-ntjia

Latest revision as of 03:25, 30 May 2022

Urochloa panicoides
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Genus: Urochloa
Species:
U. panicoides
Binomial name
Urochloa panicoides
Synonyms

Panicum borzianum
Panicum controversum
Panicum helopus
Panicum hirsutum
Panicum hochstetteranum
Panicum javanicum
Panicum oxycephalum
Panicum panicoides
Panicum setarioides
Urochloa helopus
Urochloa marathensis
Urochloa panicoides
Urochloa pubescens
Urochloa ruschii

Urochloa panicoides is a fodder grass originating in Southern Africa.

Description[edit]

This annual grass has decumbent or upright stems up to a meter long. It may root where its lower nodes contact the substrate. The leaves have linear or lance-shaped blades up to 25 centimeters long. They are hairless to somewhat hairy, and they may have hairs lining the edges. The inflorescence is composed of up to 10 racemes, each up to 7 centimeters long. The spikelets are solitary or paired.[2]

Urochloa panicoides can be confused with Urochloa setigera, but the morphology of the spikelet is slightly different.

Distribution[edit]

This grass is native to southern Africa. It has naturalized elsewhere, including Australia, Argentina, India and the United States.[citation needed]

Ecology[edit]

It is most common on moist grasslands and lakesides up to an altitude of 2200 meters.

Usage[edit]

This grass is often used as a fodder for cattle and horses. It is now known as a weed and a potential seed contaminant.

Diseases and pests[edit]

This grass is susceptible to the maize streak virus (MSV), which is transmitted by Cicadulina leafhoppers such as Cicadulina mbila, C. arachidis, C. triangula, C. bimaculata, C. similis, C. latens, C ghaurii, and C. parazeae.

It is also susceptible to cereal chlorotic mottle virus, which is transmitted by several insects, including Nesoclutha pallida and Cicadula bimaculata.

Common names[edit]

Common names for the grass include barajalgauti, basaunta (Punjabi), tuinheesgras, heesgras, kurimanna (Afrikaans), sharp-flowered signal-grass,[3] annual signal grass, garden signal grass, panic liverseed grass, herringbone grass (English), kuri millet (in Zimbabwe), pasto africano (Italian), farsho (Somali), kgolane, and bore-ba-ntjia (Sotho).

References[edit]

  1. ^ Mani, S. (2013). "Urochloa panicoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T177192A17669796. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  2. ^ Clayton, W.D.; Vorontsova, M.S.; Harman, K.T.; Williamson, H. "Urochloa panicoides". GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  3. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
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