Urochloa panicoides: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Species of grass}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| color = lightgreen |
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|image = Urochloa panicoides.jpg |
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|status = LC |
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| image = Common signal grass.jpg |
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|status_system = IUCN3.1 |
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| image_width = 250px |
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|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn | author = Mani, S. | title = ''Urochloa panicoides'' | page = e.T177192A17669796 | year = 2013 | access-date = 30 May 2022}}</ref> |
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
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|genus = Urochloa |
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| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]] |
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| ordo = [[Liliopsida]] |
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|authority = [[P.Beauv.]] |
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|synonyms = ''Panicum borzianum''<br>''Panicum controversum''<br>''Panicum helopus''<br>''Panicum hirsutum''<br>''Panicum hochstetteranum''<br>''Panicum javanicum''<br>''Panicum oxycephalum''<br>''Panicum panicoides''<br>''Panicum setarioides''<br>''Urochloa helopus''<br>''Urochloa marathensis''<br>''Urochloa panicoides''<br>''Urochloa pubescens''<br>''Urochloa ruschii'' |
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| familia = [[Poaceae]] – [[grass]] |
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| subfamilia = [[Panicoideae]] |
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|tribe=’’[[Paniceae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Urochloa]]'' [[Beauv.]] – [[cockspur grass]] |
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| binomial = Urochloa panicoides (L.) P.Beauv. – [[Annual signal grass]] |
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| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Beauverd, Gustave (1867-1942) |
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|Beauv]] |
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}} |
}} |
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==Introduction== |
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==Synonymes== |
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* Panicum borzianum Mattei fide Fl. Trop. E. Africa: 603. |
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* Panicum controversum Steud. |
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* Panicum helopus Trin. in Spreng. <ref>Neue Entdeckungen im Ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 84. 1821.. 2:84. 1821. Duthie, Fodder Grasses 8. 1888.</ref> |
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* Panicum helopus Trin. forma forma glabrescens K.Schum. fide Fl. Trop. E. Africa |
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* Panicum hirsutum Koen. ex Roxb. |
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* Panicum hochstetteranum A.Rich. |
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* Panicum javanicum Poir. |
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* Panicum oxycephalum Peter |
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* Panicum panicoides (P. Beauv.) Hitchc. |
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* Panicum setarioides Peter - (1928), non Steud. (1854).-- nom.nud. |
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* Urochloa helopus (Trin.) Stapf |
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* Urochloa marathensis Henr. |
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* Urochloa marathensis var. velutina Henr. |
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* Urochloa ruschii Pilg. |
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* Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 53, |
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* Urochloa panicoides var. marathensis (Henr.) Bor. |
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* Urochloa panicoides var. pubescens (Kunth) Bor |
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* Urochloa panicoides var. velutina (Henr.) Bor |
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* Urochloa pubescens Kunth |
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== Description== |
== Description== |
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This annual grass has decumbent or upright stems up to a meter long. It may root where its lower nodes contact the substrate. The leaves have linear or lance-shaped blades up to 25 centimeters long. They are hairless to somewhat hairy, and they may have hairs lining the edges. The [[inflorescence]] is composed of up to 10 [[raceme]]s, each up to 7 centimeters long. The spikelets are solitary or paired.<ref>{{GrassBase | name = ''Urochloa panicoides'' | id = imp10723}}</ref> |
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[[Tuft]]ed [[annual]]; [[culm]]s 10-100 cm high, often ascending from prostrate rooting base. [[Leaf-blade]]s linear to narrowly [[lanceolate]], 2-15 cm long, 5-15 mm wide, [[subamplexicaul]], coarse, [[glabrous]] or [[pubescent]], the margins [[tuberculate]]-[[ciliate]] at least near the base. [[Inflorescence]] of 2-7 (-10 or rarely more) [[racemes]] on a common axis 1-6 cm long; racemes 1-6 cm long, bearing single or sometimes paired [[spikelets]] on a narrowly winged [[rhachi]]s, the [[pedicel]]s (sometimes also the rhachis) with white hairs. Spikelets elliptic, (2.5-) 3.5-4.5 (-5) mm long, acute; lower glume ovate, a quarter to almost half as long as the spikelet, very rarely more, 3-5-nerved, [[obtuse]] to [[subacute]]; upper [[glume]] often with crossveins, glabrous or pubescent lower [[lemma]] sometimes with a [[setose]] fringe; upper lemma [[rugulose]] with a [[mucro]] 0.3-1 mm long. |
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In common with several other species of the genus, ''Urochloa panicoides'' has forms with glabrous, pubescent or setosely fringed spikelets; they appear to be of no taxonomic importance. |
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''Urochloa panicoides'' can be confused with ''[[Urochloa setigera]]'', but the morphology of the spikelet is slightly different. |
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''[[Urochloa setigera]]'' can be confused with forms of ''U. panicoides'' with pubescent, paired spikelets, especially when the base is missing. ''Urochloa panicoides'' has less abruptly [[cuspidate]] spikelets, a more coarsely rugose fertile [[floret]], and a much longer mucro on the upper lemma. |
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==Distribution== |
==Distribution== |
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This grass is native to southern Africa. It has [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] elsewhere, including Australia, Argentina, India and the United States.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} |
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Pakistan (Punjab, N.W.F.P. & Kashmir); Sudan to Yemen and south-wards to South Africa: India; introduced to Australia. Sichuan, Yunnan [Bhutan, India; E and S Africa]. BOT, LES, NAM, EC, FS, GA, KN, LP, MP, NC, NW, SWZ |
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==Ecology== |
==Ecology== |
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It is most common on moist [[grassland]]s and lakesides up to an [[altitude]] of 2200 meters. |
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==Usage== |
==Usage== |
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This is |
This grass is often used as a [[fodder]] for [[cattle]] and [[horse]]s. It is now known as a [[weed]] and a potential seed contaminant. |
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==Diseases and |
==Diseases and pests== |
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This grass is susceptible to the maize streak monogeminivirus (also called bajra streak, cereal African streak virus, maize streak A virus). This virus is transmitted by an insect Cicadulina mbila, C. arachidis, C. bipunctella, C. triangula, C. bimaculata, C. similis, C. latens, C. ghaurii, C. parazeae; Cicadellidae. |
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This grass is susceptible to the [[maize streak virus]] (MSV), which is transmitted by ''[[Cicadulina]]'' leafhoppers such as ''[[Cicadulina mbila]]'', ''[[Cicadulina arachidis|C. arachidis]]'', ''[[Cicadulina triangula|C. triangula]]'', ''[[Cicadulina bimaculata|C. bimaculata]]'', ''[[Cicadulina similis|C. similis]]'', ''[[Cicadulina latens|C. latens]]'', ''[[Cicadulina ghaurii|C ghaurii]]'', and ''[[Cicadulina parazeae|C. parazeae]]''. |
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==Common names== |
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Common names for the grass include '''''barajalgauti''''', '''''basaunta''''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]), '''''tuinheesgras''''', '''''heesgras''''', '''''kurimanna''''' ([[Afrikaans]]), '''sharp-flowered signal-grass''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> '''annual signal grass''', '''garden signal grass''', '''panic liverseed grass''', '''herringbone grass''' ([[English language|English]]), '''kuri millet''' (in [[Zimbabwe]]), '''''pasto africano''''' ([[Italian language|Italian]]), '''''farsho''''' ([[Somali language|Somali]]), '''''kgolane''''', and '''''bore-ba-ntjia''''' ([[Sotho language|Sotho]]). |
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==References== |
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==Punjabi dialect forms== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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The following '''Punjabi''' dialect forms are recorded in [[Punjab]] for this grass: |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q7900800}} |
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==Indian languages== |
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in India: barajalgauti, harat, basaunta, chaprai Ia. chat ta. gal¬phula. jal-ganti, jalganti. jhun. kaadu hilisamme kaadubilli-saatnal hullo. kakdel. kuwain, kowin. kuri, kuriya, motia. pandhar, poir.salla-woodoo, sallawudu, sam¬wan, semai. |
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===Indo-Aryan languages=== |
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* '''[[Sanskrit]]''': |
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* '''[[Marathi]]''': |
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*'''[[Kannada]]''': |
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* '''[[Malayalam]]''': |
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===Dravidian languages== |
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* '''[[Tamil]]''': |
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* '''[[Telegu]]''': |
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[[Category:Panicoideae]] |
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== Non-Indian languages== |
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[[Category:Grasses of Africa]] |
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* ‘’’[[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]’’’: tuin-urochltta, tuinheesgras, heesgras, cenjarige sinjaalgras, kurimanna, tuingras. |
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[[Category:Flora of the Arabian Peninsula]] |
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* '''[[Chinese language|Chinese]]''': 黍尾稃草 lei shu wei fu cao |
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[[Category:Flora of Iran]] |
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* ‘’’[[English language|English]]’’’: annual signal grass, garden signal grass, garden grass, panic liverseed grass, liverseed grass, urochloa grass, garden urochloa, herringbone grass, kuri-millet, poke, panic urochloa grass, urochloa, garden. |
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[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]] |
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* ‘’’[[Somali language|Somali]]’’’: farsho |
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[[Category:Taxa named by Palisot de Beauvois]] |
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* ‘’’[[Sotho language|Sotho]]’’’: kgola, kgolane, bore-ba-ntjia |
Latest revision as of 03:25, 30 May 2022
Urochloa panicoides | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Clade: | Commelinids |
Order: | Poales |
Family: | Poaceae |
Subfamily: | Panicoideae |
Genus: | Urochloa |
Species: | U. panicoides
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Binomial name | |
Urochloa panicoides | |
Synonyms | |
Panicum borzianum |
Urochloa panicoides is a fodder grass originating in Southern Africa.
Description[edit]
This annual grass has decumbent or upright stems up to a meter long. It may root where its lower nodes contact the substrate. The leaves have linear or lance-shaped blades up to 25 centimeters long. They are hairless to somewhat hairy, and they may have hairs lining the edges. The inflorescence is composed of up to 10 racemes, each up to 7 centimeters long. The spikelets are solitary or paired.[2]
Urochloa panicoides can be confused with Urochloa setigera, but the morphology of the spikelet is slightly different.
Distribution[edit]
This grass is native to southern Africa. It has naturalized elsewhere, including Australia, Argentina, India and the United States.[citation needed]
Ecology[edit]
It is most common on moist grasslands and lakesides up to an altitude of 2200 meters.
Usage[edit]
This grass is often used as a fodder for cattle and horses. It is now known as a weed and a potential seed contaminant.
Diseases and pests[edit]
This grass is susceptible to the maize streak virus (MSV), which is transmitted by Cicadulina leafhoppers such as Cicadulina mbila, C. arachidis, C. triangula, C. bimaculata, C. similis, C. latens, C ghaurii, and C. parazeae.
It is also susceptible to cereal chlorotic mottle virus, which is transmitted by several insects, including Nesoclutha pallida and Cicadula bimaculata.
Common names[edit]
Common names for the grass include barajalgauti, basaunta (Punjabi), tuinheesgras, heesgras, kurimanna (Afrikaans), sharp-flowered signal-grass,[3] annual signal grass, garden signal grass, panic liverseed grass, herringbone grass (English), kuri millet (in Zimbabwe), pasto africano (Italian), farsho (Somali), kgolane, and bore-ba-ntjia (Sotho).
References[edit]
- ^ Mani, S. (2013). "Urochloa panicoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T177192A17669796. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ Clayton, W.D.; Vorontsova, M.S.; Harman, K.T.; Williamson, H. "Urochloa panicoides". GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
- ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.