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{{Short description|Species of grass}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Urochloa panicoides''
|image = Urochloa panicoides.jpg
|status = LC
| image = Common signal grass.jpg
|status_system = IUCN3.1
| image_width = 250px
|status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn | author = Mani, S. | title = ''Urochloa panicoides'' | page = e.T177192A17669796 | year = 2013 | access-date = 30 May 2022}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|genus = Urochloa
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
|species = panicoides
| ordo = [[Liliopsida]]
| classis = [[Poales]]
|authority = [[P.Beauv.]]
|synonyms = ''Panicum borzianum''<br>''Panicum controversum''<br>''Panicum helopus''<br>''Panicum hirsutum''<br>''Panicum hochstetteranum''<br>''Panicum javanicum''<br>''Panicum oxycephalum''<br>''Panicum panicoides''<br>''Panicum setarioides''<br>''Urochloa helopus''<br>''Urochloa marathensis''<br>''Urochloa panicoides''<br>''Urochloa pubescens''<br>''Urochloa ruschii''
| familia = [[Poaceae]] – [[grass]]
| subfamilia = [[Panicoideae]]
|tribe=[[Link title]]’’[[Paniceae]]
| genus = ''[[Urochloa]]'' [[Gustave Beauverd|Beauv.]] – [[Cockspur grass]]
| species = '''''U. panicoides'''''
| binomial = Urochloa panicoides (L.) P.Beauv. – [[Annual signal grass]]
| binomial authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Gustave Beauverd]] ([[1867]]-[[1942]])
}}
}}


'''''Urochloa panicoides''''' is a [[fodder]] [[grass]] originating in [[Southern Africa]].

==Introduction==
''''' [[Urochloa]] panicoides (L.) P.Beauv.''''' is a fodder grass originating in [[Southern Africa]].

==Synonymes==
* Panicum borzianum Mattei fide Fl. Trop. E. Africa: 603.
* Panicum controversum Steud.
* Panicum helopus Trin. in Spreng. <ref>Neue Entdeckungen im Ganzen Umfang der Pflanzenkunde 2: 84. 1821.. 2:84. 1821. Duthie, Fodder Grasses 8. 1888.</ref>
* Panicum helopus Trin. forma forma glabrescens K.Schum. fide Fl. Trop. E. Africa
* Panicum hirsutum Koen. ex Roxb.
* Panicum hochstetteranum A.Rich.
* Panicum javanicum Poir.
* Panicum oxycephalum Peter
* Panicum panicoides (P. Beauv.) Hitchc.
* Panicum setarioides Peter - (1928), non Steud. (1854).-- nom.nud.
* Urochloa helopus (Trin.) Stapf
* Urochloa marathensis Henr.
* Urochloa marathensis var. velutina Henr.
* Urochloa ruschii Pilg.
* Urochloa panicoides P. Beauv., Ess. Agrost. 53,
* Urochloa panicoides var. marathensis (Henr.) Bor.
* Urochloa panicoides var. pubescens (Kunth) Bor
* Urochloa panicoides var. velutina (Henr.) Bor
* Urochloa pubescens Kunth


== Description==
== Description==
This annual grass has decumbent or upright stems up to a meter long. It may root where its lower nodes contact the substrate. The leaves have linear or lance-shaped blades up to 25 centimeters long. They are hairless to somewhat hairy, and they may have hairs lining the edges. The [[inflorescence]] is composed of up to 10 [[raceme]]s, each up to 7 centimeters long. The spikelets are solitary or paired.<ref>{{GrassBase | name = ''Urochloa panicoides'' | id = imp10723}}</ref>
* '''Habitat''': [[annual plant|annual]]; [[caespitose]]. [[Culm]]s [[geniculately]] ascending, or [[decumbent]]; 10–100 cm long; without [[nodal root]]s, or rooting from lower [[node]]s. [[Ligule]] a fringe of hairs. [[Leaf-blade]] base amplexicaul. Leaf-blades linear, or [[lanceolate]]; 2–25 cm long; 5–18 mm wide. Leaf-blade surface [[glabrous]], or [[pubescent]]. Leaf-blade margins [[tuberculate]]-[[ciliate]]; hairy at base.
* '''Inflorescence''': [[Inflorescence]] composed of [[raceme]]s. Racemes 2–7(–10); borne along a central axis; unilateral; 1–7 cm long. Central inflorescence axis 1–9 cm long. [[Rhachi]]s narrowly winged; angular; glabrous on surface, or with scattered hairs. [[Spikelet]] packing [[abaxial]]; regular; 2 -rowed. Spikelets solitary, or in pairs. Fertile spikelets sessile and pedicelled. Pedicels bearing a few hairs.
* '''Fertile spikelets''': Spikelets comprising 1 basal sterile florets; 1 fertile florets; without [[rhachilla]] extension. Spikelets elliptic; dorsally compressed; compressed strongly; plano-convex; acute; (2.5–)3.5–4.5(–5.5) mm long; falling entire.
* '''Glumes''': [[Glume]]s dissimilar; reaching apex of [[floret]]s; thinner than fertile [[lemma]]. Lower glume ovate; clasping; 0.5(–0.66) times length of spikelet; membranous; without keels; 3–5 -veined. Lower glume surface glabrous, or pubescent. Lower glume apex obtuse, or acute. Upper glume elliptic; 1 times length of spikelet; membranous; without s; 7–11 -veined. Upper glume lateral veins with cross-veins. Upper glume surface [[glabrous]], or pubescent. Upper glume apex [[acuminate]].
* '''Floret''': Basal sterile florets male, or barren; with [[palea]]. Lemma of lower sterile floret similar to upper glume; elliptic; 1 times length of spikelet; membranous; 5–7 -veined; glabrous, or pubescent; [[eciliate]] on margins, or [[setose]] on margins; acuminate. Fertile lemma orbicular; dorsally compressed; 2 mm long; [[indurate]]; without keel. Lemma surface [[rugulose]]. Lemma margins [[involute]]. Lemma apex obtuse; [[mucronate]]. Principal lemma awn 0.3–1 mm long overall. Palea indurate.<ref>Ref: Clayton, W.D., Harman, K.T. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db.html. [accessed 30 September 2007; 14:00 GMT]*</ref>


''Urochloa panicoides'' can be confused with ''[[Urochloa setigera]]'', but the morphology of the spikelet is slightly different.
''[[Urochloa setigera]]'' can be confused with forms of ''U. panicoides'' with pubescent, paired spikelets, especially when the base is missing. ''Urochloa panicoides'' has less abruptly [[cuspidate]] spikelets, a more coarsely rugose fertile [[floret]], and a much longer mucro on the upper lemma.


==Distribution==
==Distribution==
This grass is native to southern Africa. It has [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] elsewhere, including Australia, Argentina, India and the United States.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* [[Africa]]: Botswana, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
* [[Asia]]: Yemen, [[India]], [[Pakistan]], Thailand, China (Sichuan, Yunnan).
* [[Naturalized]] elsewhere, including Australia, Argentina, and United States.

Native to southern Africa.


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Moist [[grassland]]s, [[lakeside]]s up to an [[altitude]] of 140-2200 m.
It is most common on moist [[grassland]]s and lakesides up to an [[altitude]] of 2200 meters.


==Usage==
==Usage==
A [[weed]] and a potential [[seed contaminant]]. Though often used as a [[fodder]] grass for both [[cattle]] and [[horse]]s.
This grass is often used as a [[fodder]] for [[cattle]] and [[horse]]s. It is now known as a [[weed]] and a potential seed contaminant.

==Diseases and Pests==
This grass is susceptible to the [[Maize streak virus]] (MSV) (which is also called [[bajra]] streak, [[cereal]] African streak virus, [[maize]] streak A virus). This virus is transmitted by the following [[Cicadellidae]] [[insect]] species: [[Cicadulina mbila]], [[Cicadulina arachidis]], [[Cicadulina ]], [[Cicadulina triangula]], [[Cicadulina bimaculata]], [[Cicadulina similis]], [[Cicadulina latens]], [[Cicadulina ghaurii]], [[Cicadulina parazeae].
It is also susceptible to the [[Cereal chlorotic mottle]] [[nucleorhabdovirus]]. This too is transmitted by insects: Nesoclutha pallida, Cicadula bimaculata, [[Cicadulina bipunctata]] ssp. [[Bipunctella]].

==Punjabi dialect forms==
The following '''Punjabi''' dialect forms are recorded in [[Punjab]] for this grass:

==Indian languages==
in India: barajalgauti, harat, basaunta, chaprai Ia. chat ta. gal¬phula. jal-ganti, jalganti. jhun. kaadu hilisamme kaadubilli-saatnal hullo. kakdel. kuwain, kowin. kuri, kuriya, motia. pandhar, poir.salla-woodoo, sallawudu, sam¬wan, semai.


==Diseases and pests==
===Indo-Aryan languages===
This grass is susceptible to the [[maize streak virus]] (MSV), which is transmitted by ''[[Cicadulina]]'' leafhoppers such as ''[[Cicadulina mbila]]'', ''[[Cicadulina arachidis|C. arachidis]]'', ''[[Cicadulina triangula|C. triangula]]'', ''[[Cicadulina bimaculata|C. bimaculata]]'', ''[[Cicadulina similis|C. similis]]'', ''[[Cicadulina latens|C. latens]]'', ''[[Cicadulina ghaurii|C ghaurii]]'', and ''[[Cicadulina parazeae|C. parazeae]]''.
* '''[[Sanskrit]]''':
* '''[[Marathi]]''':
It is also susceptible to [[cereal chlorotic mottle virus]], which is transmitted by several insects, including ''[[Nesoclutha pallida]]'' and ''[[Cicadula bimaculata]]''.
*'''[[Kannada]]''':
* '''[[Malayalam]]''':


===Dravidian languages==
==Common names==
Common names for the grass include '''''barajalgauti''''', '''''basaunta''''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]), '''''tuinheesgras''''', '''''heesgras''''', '''''kurimanna''''' ([[Afrikaans]]), '''sharp-flowered signal-grass''',<ref name=BSBI07>{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17 }}</ref> '''annual signal grass''', '''garden signal grass''', '''panic liverseed grass''', '''herringbone grass''' ([[English language|English]]), '''kuri millet''' (in [[Zimbabwe]]), '''''pasto africano''''' ([[Italian language|Italian]]), '''''farsho''''' ([[Somali language|Somali]]), '''''kgolane''''', and '''''bore-ba-ntjia''''' ([[Sotho language|Sotho]]).
* '''[[Tamil]]''':
* '''[[Telegu]]''':


==References==
== Non-Indian languages==
{{Reflist}}
* '''[[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]]''': tuin-urochltta, tuinheesgras, heesgras, cenjarige sinjaalgras, kurimanna, tuingras.
* '''[[Chinese language|Chinese]]''': 黍尾稃草 lei shu wei fu cao.
* '''[[English language|English]]''': annual signal grass, garden signal grass, garden grass, panic liverseed grass, liverseed grass, liver seed grass, liverseedgrass, herringbone grass, kuri-millet, poke.
** ''Australia'': urochloa grass, garden urochloa, panic urochloa grass, urochloa.
** ''South Africa'': garden urochloa.
** ''United States'': liverseed grass.
*** ''Alabama:'', ''California'', Florida, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Oregon, Vermont: liver seed grass; North Carolina: liverseed grass; South Carolina: liverseedgrass
** ''Zimbabwe'': Kuri millet.
* '''[[Italian language|Italian]]''': pasto africano.
* '''[[Somali language|Somali]]''': farsho.
* '''[[Sotho language|Sotho]]''': kgola, kgolane, bore-ba-ntjia.


{{Taxonbar|from=Q7900800}}


[[Category:Panicoideae]]
{{Reflist}}<references/>
[[Category:Grasses of Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:Flora of Iran]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Palisot de Beauvois]]

Latest revision as of 03:25, 30 May 2022

Urochloa panicoides
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Genus: Urochloa
Species:
U. panicoides
Binomial name
Urochloa panicoides
Synonyms

Panicum borzianum
Panicum controversum
Panicum helopus
Panicum hirsutum
Panicum hochstetteranum
Panicum javanicum
Panicum oxycephalum
Panicum panicoides
Panicum setarioides
Urochloa helopus
Urochloa marathensis
Urochloa panicoides
Urochloa pubescens
Urochloa ruschii

Urochloa panicoides is a fodder grass originating in Southern Africa.

Description[edit]

This annual grass has decumbent or upright stems up to a meter long. It may root where its lower nodes contact the substrate. The leaves have linear or lance-shaped blades up to 25 centimeters long. They are hairless to somewhat hairy, and they may have hairs lining the edges. The inflorescence is composed of up to 10 racemes, each up to 7 centimeters long. The spikelets are solitary or paired.[2]

Urochloa panicoides can be confused with Urochloa setigera, but the morphology of the spikelet is slightly different.

Distribution[edit]

This grass is native to southern Africa. It has naturalized elsewhere, including Australia, Argentina, India and the United States.[citation needed]

Ecology[edit]

It is most common on moist grasslands and lakesides up to an altitude of 2200 meters.

Usage[edit]

This grass is often used as a fodder for cattle and horses. It is now known as a weed and a potential seed contaminant.

Diseases and pests[edit]

This grass is susceptible to the maize streak virus (MSV), which is transmitted by Cicadulina leafhoppers such as Cicadulina mbila, C. arachidis, C. triangula, C. bimaculata, C. similis, C. latens, C ghaurii, and C. parazeae.

It is also susceptible to cereal chlorotic mottle virus, which is transmitted by several insects, including Nesoclutha pallida and Cicadula bimaculata.

Common names[edit]

Common names for the grass include barajalgauti, basaunta (Punjabi), tuinheesgras, heesgras, kurimanna (Afrikaans), sharp-flowered signal-grass,[3] annual signal grass, garden signal grass, panic liverseed grass, herringbone grass (English), kuri millet (in Zimbabwe), pasto africano (Italian), farsho (Somali), kgolane, and bore-ba-ntjia (Sotho).

References[edit]

  1. ^ Mani, S. (2013). "Urochloa panicoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T177192A17669796. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  2. ^ Clayton, W.D.; Vorontsova, M.S.; Harman, K.T.; Williamson, H. "Urochloa panicoides". GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  3. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
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