Viverravidae: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Extinct family of |
{{Short description|Extinct family of carnivorous mammals}} |
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{{About|an extinct family of mammals|the extant family|Viverridae}} |
{{About|an extinct family of carnivorous mammals|the extant family of carnivorans|Viverridae}} |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
{{Automatic taxobox |
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|fossil_range = {{fossil range|66.043|33.9}} early [[Paleocene]] - late [[Eocene]] |
|fossil_range = {{fossil range|66.043|33.9}} early [[Paleocene]] - late [[Eocene]] |
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|image = |
|image = Viverravus minutus 2.jpg |
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|image_caption = |
|image_caption = skull of ''[[Viverravus|Viverravus minutus]]'' |
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|image2 = Didymictis protenus.jpg |
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|display_parents = 2 |
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|image2_caption = skull of ''[[Didymictis|Didymictis protenus]]'' |
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|display_parents = 3 |
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|taxon = Viverravidae |
|taxon = Viverravidae |
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|parent_authority = Wortman & Matthew, 1899 |
|parent_authority = Wortman & Matthew, 1899 |
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|authority = |
|authority = Wortman & Matthew, 1899<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wortman |first1=J. L. |last2=Matthew |first2=W. D. |author2-link=William Diller Matthew |title=The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, Viverridae, and Procyonidae |year=1899 |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=12 |pages=109–138 |oclc=46687698 |hdl=2246/1535}}</ref> |
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|type_genus = †''[[Viverravus]]'' |
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|type_genus_authority = Marsh, 1872 |
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|subdivision_ranks = Genera |
|subdivision_ranks = Genera |
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|subdivision = |
|subdivision = {{center|[see [[#Classification|classification]]]}} |
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|synonyms = |
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|synonyms = Didymictidae<ref>{{BioRef |fossilworks |title=†family Viverravidae (Wortman & Matthew, 1899) (placental) |id=40992 |access-date=29 June 2019}}</ref> |
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{{collapsible list |bullets=true |title=synonyms of family: |
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|Didymictida {{small|(Kretzoi, 1945)}}<ref>Miklos Kretzoi (1945) "Bemerkungen über das Raubtiersystem." Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest, vol. 38, pp. 59–83.</ref> |
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|Didymictidae {{small|(Flynn & Galiano, 1982)}}<ref name="Flynn1982"/> |
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|Viverravidea |
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|Viverravinae {{small|(Matthew, 1909)}}<ref>W. D. Matthew (1909) [https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/5744 "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene."] Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567</ref> |
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}} |
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}} |
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'''Viverravidae''' ("ancestors of [[Viverridae|viverrids]]") is an [[extinct]] [[monophyletic]] [[Family (biology)|family]] of mammals from extinct superfamily '''Viverravoidea''' within the clade [[Carnivoramorpha]], that lived from the early [[Palaeocene]] to the late [[Eocene]] in [[North America]], [[Europe]] and [[Asia]].<ref>{{BioRef |fossilworks |title=†family Viverravidae (Wortman & Matthew, 1899) (placental) |id=40992 |access-date=29 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="McKenna & Bell">Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: ''Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level'' in Columbia University Press, New York (1997), 631 Seiten. {{page|year=|isbn=0-231-11013-8|pages=}}</ref><ref name="Zack2012">{{cite journal |last1=Zack |first1=Shawn P. |title=Deciduous dentition of ''Didymictis'' (Carnivoramorpha: Viverravidae): implications for the first appearance of "Creodonta" |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=93 |issue=3 |year=2012 |pages=808–817 |issn=0022-2372 |doi=10.1644/11-MAMM-A-245.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> They were once thought to be the earliest carnivorans and ancestral to extant ones, but now are placed outside the order [[Carnivora]] based on cranial [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] as relatives (a [[Crown group|plesion-group]]) to extant carnivorans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wesley-Hunt |first1=G. D. |last2=Flynn |first2=J. J. |title=Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of 'Miacoidea' relative to Carnivora |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=3 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1017/S1477201904001518 |s2cid=86755875}}</ref><ref name=Polly>{{cite journal |author=Polly, David, Gina D. Wesley-Hunt, Ronald E. Heinrich, Graham Davis and Peter Houde |year=2006 |title=Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-clade carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia) |journal=Palaeontology |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=1019–1027 |url=http://mypage.iu.edu/~pdpolly/Papers/Polly%20et%20al,%202006,%20Viverravus.pdf |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00586.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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'''Viverravidae''' is an extinct [[family (biology)|family]] within the clade [[Carnivoramorpha]]. They are related to [[carnivora]]ns, and lived from the early [[Palaeocene]] to the [[Eocene]]. |
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In viverravids, the number of [[Molar (tooth)|molars]] is reduced to two and the skull is elongated. Viverravidae is a [[monophyletic]] family, a [[Crown group|plesion-group]]. They are not thought to be ancestral to any extant carnivorans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wesley-Hunt |first1=G. D. |last2=Flynn |first2=J. J. |title=Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of 'Miacoidea' relative to Carnivora |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=3 |pages=1–28 |doi=10.1017/S1477201904001518|s2cid=86755875 }}</ref> |
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The viverravids were thought to be the earliest carnivorans: they first appeared in the Paleocene of North America about 60 million years ago. One author proposed that they should be placed outside the order Carnivora based on cranial [[morphology (biology)|morphology]].<ref name=Polly>{{cite journal |author=Polly, David, Gina D. Wesley-Hunt, Ronald E. Heinrich, Graham Davis and Peter Houde |year=2006 |title=Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-clade carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia) |journal=Palaeontology |volume=49 |issue=5 |pages=1019–1027 |url=http://mypage.iu.edu/~pdpolly/Papers/Polly%20et%20al,%202006,%20Viverravus.pdf |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00586.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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==General characteristics== |
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[[Xiaoming Wang (paleontologist)|Wang]] and [[Richard H. Tedford|Tedford]] propose that they arose in North America 65-60 million years ago, spread to Asia then later to Europe, and were the first carnivorans and possessed the first true pair of [[carnassial]] teeth.<ref name=wang2008>Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H.; Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.</ref>{{rp|p8}} |
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[[Xiaoming Wang (paleontologist)|Wang]] and [[Richard H. Tedford|Tedford]] propose that they arose in North America 66–60 million years ago, spread to Asia then later to Europe, and were the first carnivoramorphans and possessed the first true pair of [[carnassial]] teeth.<ref name=wang2008>Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H. (2008.) "Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History." New York: Columbia University Press</ref> In viverravids, the [[skull]] is elongated and the number of [[Molar (tooth)|molars]] is reduced to two (M1/m1 and M2/m2 are present and M3/m3 are absent). |
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==Classification and phylogeny== |
==Classification and phylogeny== |
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===Classification=== |
===Classification=== |
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Taxonomy retrieved from the [[Paleobiology Database]]<ref>Paleobiology Database. Retrieved with [http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?action=taxonInfo&taxon_no=40992 Fossilworks] (March 3, 2017)</ref> |
Taxonomy retrieved from the [[Paleobiology Database]]<ref>Paleobiology Database. Retrieved with [http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=taxonInfo&taxon_no=40992 Fossilworks] (March 3, 2017)</ref> |
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{|class="wikitable" |
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* Superfamily: †'''Viverravoidea''' <small>(Wortman & Matthew, 1899)</small> |
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|- style="vertical-align:top;" |
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** Family: †'''Viverravidae''' <small>(Wortman & Matthew, 1899)</small> [synonym: Didymictidae <small>(Flynn & Galiano, 1982)</small>] |
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|style="text-align: center;"|Superfamily: †'''Viverravoidea''' {{small|(Wortman & Matthew, 1899)}}<br />Family: †'''Viverravidae''' {{small|(Wortman & Matthew, 1899)}} |
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*** (unranked): †'''''Ictidopappus''/''Pappictidops'' clade''' |
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---- |
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**** Genus: †''[[Orientictis]]'' <small>(Huang & Zheng, 2005)</small> |
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:{| |
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***** †''Orientictis spanios'' <small>(Huang & Zheng, 2005)</small> |
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|- style="vertical-align:top;" |
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**** Genus: †''[[Pappictidops]]'' <small>(Qiu & Li, 1977)</small> |
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| |
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***** †''Pappictidops acies'' <small>(Wang, 1978)</small> |
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* Genus: †''[[Orientictis]]'' {{small|(Huang & Zheng, 2005)}} |
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** †''Orientictis spanios'' {{small|(Huang & Zheng, 2005)}} |
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* Genus: †''[[Pappictidops]]'' {{small|(Qiu & Li, 1977)}} |
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** †''Pappictidops acies'' {{small|(Wang, 1978)}} |
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** †''Pappictidops obtusus'' {{small|(Wang, 1978)}} |
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** †''Pappictidops orientalis'' {{small|(Qiu & Li, 1977)}} |
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* Genus: †''[[Preonictis]]'' {{small|(Tong & Wang, 2006)}} |
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** †''Preonictis youngi'' {{small|(Tong & Wang, 2006)}} |
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* Genus: †''[[Variviverra]]'' {{small|(Tong & Wang, 2006)}} |
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** †''Variviverra vegetatus'' {{small|(Tong & Wang, 2006)}} |
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* ''[[Incertae sedis]]'': |
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***** †''Bryanictis paulus'' <small>(Meehan & Wilson, 2002)</small> |
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** †[[Viverravidae sp. (CM 71188 & CM 71189)|Viverravidae sp. [''CM 71188'' & ''CM 71189'']]] {{small|(Friscia & Rasmussen, 2010)}} |
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**** Genus: †''[[Didymictis]]'' <small>(Cope, 1875)</small><ref name="Zack2012">{{cite journal |last1=Zack |first1=Shawn P. |title=Deciduous dentition of ''Didymictis'' (Carnivoramorpha: Viverravidae): implications for the first appearance of "Creodonta" |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=93 |issue=3 |year=2012 |pages=808–817 |issn=0022-2372 |doi=10.1644/11-MAMM-A-245.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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* Subfamily: †'''[[Didymictinae]]''' {{small|(Flynn & Galiano, 1982)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Bryanictis]]'' {{small|(MacIntyre, 1966)}} |
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*** †''Bryanictis microlestes'' {{small|(Simpson, 1935)}} |
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*** †''Bryanictis paulus'' {{small|(Meehan & Wilson, 2002)}} |
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***** †''Didymictis protenus'' <small>(Cope, 1874)</small> [synonym: ''Didymictis curtidens'' <small>(Cope, 1882)</small>] |
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*** †''Bryanictis terlinguae'' {{small|(Standhardt, 1986)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Didymictis]]'' {{small|(Cope, 1875)}} |
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*** †''Didymictis altidens'' {{small|(Cope, 1880)}} |
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*** †''Didymictis dellensis'' {{small|(Dorr, 1952)}} |
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*** †''Didymictis leptomylus'' {{small|(Cope, 1880)}} |
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*** †''Didymictis protenus'' {{small|(Cope, 1874)}} |
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*** †''Didymictis proteus'' {{small|(Polly, 1997)}} |
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***** †''Protictis haydenianus'' <small>(Cope, 1882)</small> [synonyms: ''Didymictis primus'' <small>(Cope, 1884)</small>, ''Prolimnocyon macfaddeni'' <small>(Rigby, 1980)</small>] |
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*** †''Didymictis vancleveae'' {{small|(Robinson, 1966)}} |
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*** †''Didymictis'' sp. [Erquelinnes, Hainaut, Belgium] {{small|(Dollo, 1909)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Intyrictis]]'' {{small|(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)}} |
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*** †''Intyrictis vanvaleni'' {{small|(MacIntyre, 1966)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Pristinictis]]'' {{small|(Fox & Youzwyshyn, 1994)}} |
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*** †''Pristinictis connata'' {{small|(Fox & Youzwyshyn, 1994)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Protictis]]'' <sup>([[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] genus)</sup> {{small|(Matthew, 1937)}} |
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***** †''Raphictis gausion'' <small>(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)</small> |
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*** †''Protictis agastor'' {{small|(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)}} |
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*** †''Protictis haydenianus'' {{small|(Cope, 1882)}} |
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*** †''Protictis minor'' {{small|(Meehan & Wilson, 2002)}} |
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*** |
*** †''Protictis paralus'' {{small|(Holtzman, 1978)}} |
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*** †''Protictis simpsoni'' {{small|(Meehan & Wilson, 2002)}} |
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*** Subgenus: †''[[Protictoides]]'' {{small|(Flynn & Galiano, 1982)}} |
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**** |
**** †''Protictis aprophatos'' {{small|(Flynn & Galiano, 1982)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Raphictis]]'' {{small|(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)}} |
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*** †''Raphictis gausion'' {{small|(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)}} |
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*** †''Raphictis iota'' {{small|(Scott, 2008)}} |
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*** †''Raphictis machaera'' {{small|(Rankin, 2009)}} |
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**** Genus: †''[[Viverravus]]'' <small>(Marsh, 1872)</small> [synonym: ''Ziphacodon'' <small>(Marsh, 1872)</small>] |
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*** †''Raphictis nanoptexis'' {{small|(Rankin, 2009)}} |
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** ''[[Incertae sedis]]'': |
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***** †''Viverravus gracilis'' <small>(Marsh, 1872)</small> [synonyms: ''Didymictis dawkinsianus'' <small>(Cope, 1881)</small>, ''Harpalodon vulpinus'' <small>(Marsh, 1872)</small>, ''Triacodon fallax'' <small>(Marsh, 1871)</small>, ''Ziphacodon rugatus'' <small>(Marsh, 1872)</small>] |
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*** †''[[Deltatherium durini|"Deltatherium" durini]]'' {{small|(Van Valen, 1978)}} |
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***** †''Viverravus laytoni'' <small>(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)</small> [synonym: ''Viverravus bowni'' <small>(Gingerich, 1987)</small>] |
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* Subfamily: †'''[[Ictidopappus|Ictidopappinae]]''' {{small|(Van Valen, 1969)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Ictidopappus]]'' {{small|(Simpson, 1935)}} |
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*** †''Ictidopappus mustelinus'' {{small|(Simpson, 1935)}} |
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***** †''Viverravus politus'' <small>(Matthew & Granger, 1915)</small> [synonym: ''Protictis schaffi'' <small>(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)</small>] |
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* Subfamily: †'''[[Viverravinae]]''' {{small|(Wortman & Matthew, 1899)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Simpsonictis]]'' {{small|(MacIntyre, 1962)}} |
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*** †''Simpsonictis jaynanneae'' {{small|(Rigby, 1980)}} |
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*** †''Simpsonictis pegus'' {{small|(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)}} |
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*** †''Simpsonictis tenuis'' {{small|(Simpson, 1935)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Viverravus]]'' {{small|(Marsh, 1872)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus acutus'' {{small|(Matthew & Granger, 1915)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus gracilis'' {{small|(Marsh, 1872)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus lawsoni'' {{small|(Hooker, 2010)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus laytoni'' {{small|(Gingerich & Winkler, 1985)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus lutosus'' {{small|(Gazin, 1952)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus minutus'' {{small|(Wortman, 1901)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus politus'' {{small|(Matthew & Granger, 1915)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus rosei'' {{small|(Polly, 1997)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus sicarius'' {{small|(Matthew, 1909)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus'' sp. [''V11141''] {{small|(Meng, 1998)}} |
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*** †''Viverravus'' sp. [Locality Group 2, Washakie Basin, Wyoming] {{small|(Tomiya, 2021)}} |
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** Genus: †''[[Viverriscus]]'' {{small|(Beard & Dawson, 2009)}} |
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*** †''Viverriscus omnivorus'' {{small|(Beard & Dawson, 2009)}} |
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===Phylogeny=== |
===Phylogeny=== |
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The phylogenetic relationships of Viverravidae are shown in the following cladogram:<ref>J. J. Flynn and H. Galiano. (1982.) "Phylogeny of Early Tertiary Carnivora, With a Description of a New Species of ''Protictis'' From the Middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming" American Museum Novitates 2725:1-64</ref><ref>P. D. Gingerich and D. A. Winkler. (1985.) [https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/48525/ID378.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y "Systematics of Paleocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Bighorn Basin and Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming."] Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27(4):87-128</ref><ref>P. D. Polly. (1997.) [https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/48638/ID504.pdf?sequence=2 "Ancestry and Species Definition in Paleontology: A Stratocladistic Analysis of Paleocene-Eocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Wyoming."] Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(1):1-53 |
The phylogenetic relationships of family Viverravidae are shown in the following cladogram:<ref name=Flynn1982>J. J. Flynn and H. Galiano. (1982.) "Phylogeny of Early Tertiary Carnivora, With a Description of a New Species of ''Protictis'' From the Middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming" American Museum Novitates 2725:1-64</ref><ref>P. D. Gingerich and D. A. Winkler. (1985.) [https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/48525/ID378.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y "Systematics of Paleocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Bighorn Basin and Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming."] Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27(4):87-128</ref><ref>P. D. Polly. (1997.) [https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/48638/ID504.pdf?sequence=2 "Ancestry and Species Definition in Paleontology: A Stratocladistic Analysis of Paleocene-Eocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Wyoming."] Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(1):1-53</ref><ref name="SoléSmith2016">{{cite journal |last1=Solé |first1=Floréal |last2=Smith |first2=Thierry |last3=De Bast |first3=Eric |last4=Codrea |first4=Vlad |last5=Gheerbrant |first5=Emmanuel |title=New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=e1082480 |issn=0272-4634 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480|s2cid=87537565 }}</ref><ref>S. Faurby, L. Werdelin, A. Antonelli (2019.) [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2019/09/05/755207.full.pdf "Dispersal ability predicts evolutionary success among mammalian carnivores"] Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE</ref> |
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{{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:100%; |
{{clade |style=font-size:85%;line-height:100%; |
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|label1= '''[[Carnivoramorpha]]''' |
|label1= '''[[Carnivoramorpha]]''' |
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|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
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|thickness2=2 |thickness3=2 |
|thickness2=2 |thickness3=2 |thickness4=2 |
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|1='''[[Carnivoraformes]]''' [[File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XI).jpg|50px]] |
|1='''[[Carnivoraformes]]''' [[File:Dogs,_jackals,_wolves,_and_foxes_(Plate_XI).jpg|50px]] |
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|label2= '''?''' |state2=dotted |
|label2= '''?''' |state2=dotted |
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|2=† |
|2=†[[Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 31176)|Carnivoramorpha sp. (''UALVP 31176'')]] |
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|label3= '''?''' |state3=dotted |
|label3= '''?''' |state3=dotted |
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|3=† |
|3=†[[Carnivoramorpha sp. (USNM 538395)|Carnivoramorpha sp. (''USNM 538395'')]] |
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|label4= '''?''' |state4=dotted |
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|4={{clade |
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|4=†''[[Sinopa insectivorus|"Sinopa" insectivorus]]'' |
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|label5= †'''Viverravidae''' |sublabel5= ''sensu lato'' |
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|5={{clade |
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|thickness1=2 |thickness2=2 |thickness3=2 |label1= '''?''' |state1=dotted |
|thickness1=2 |thickness2=2 |thickness3=2 |label1= '''?''' |state1=dotted |
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|1=†''[[Ravenictis]]'' |
|1=†''[[Ravenictis]]'' |
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|label2= '''?''' |state2=dotted |
|label2= '''?''' |state2=dotted |
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|2=† |
|2=†[[Carnivoramorpha sp. (UALVP 50993 & UALVP 50994)|Carnivoramorpha sp. (''UALVP 50993'' & ''UALVP 50994'')]] |
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|label3= †'''Viverravoidea''' |
|label3= †'''Viverravoidea''' |
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|3={{clade |
|3={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |label1= †'''Viverravidae''' |
|thickness=2 |label1= †'''Viverravidae''' |sublabel1= ''sensu stricto'' |
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|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |
|thickness=2 |
||
|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |
|thickness=2 |
||
|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |
|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[Pappictidops]]'' |
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|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[Variviverra]]'' |sublabel1= '''?''' |state1=dotted |
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|1=†''Variviverra vegetatus'' |barbegin1=green |
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|label2= †''[[Orientictis]]'' |
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|2=†''Orientictis spanios'' |bar2=green |
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}} |
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|label2= †''[[Pappictidops]]'' |
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|2={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
|thickness=2 |
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|1= |
|1={{clade |
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|2={{clade |
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|thickness=2 |
|thickness=2 |
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|1=†''Pappictidops acies'' |
|1=†''Pappictidops acies'' |
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|2=†''Pappictidops obtusus'' |
|2=†''Pappictidops obtusus'' |
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}} |
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| |
|2=†''Pappictidops orientalis'' |
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}} |
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|label2= †''[[Orientictis]]'' |
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|2=†''Orientictis spanios'' |
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|label3= †''[[Preonictis]]'' |
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|3=†''Preonictis youngi'' |
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|label4= †''[[Variviverra]]'' |
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|4=†''Variviverra vegetatus'' |
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}} |
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|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[Ictidopappus]]'' |
|thickness=2 |label1= †'''[[Ictidopappus|Ictidopappinae]]''' |
||
|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |
|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[Ictidopappus]]'' |
||
|1=†''Ictidopappus mustelinus'' |
|1=†''Ictidopappus mustelinus'' |
||
|2=†''Ictidopappus'' sp. (''AMNH 58409'') |barend2=green |
|||
}} }} }} |
}} }} }} |
||
|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |label1= †'''[[Viverravinae]]''' |
|thickness=2 |label1= †'''[[Viverravinae]]''' |
||
|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |
|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[Viverravus]]'' |
||
|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |
|thickness=2 |
||
|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |
|thickness=2 |
||
|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |
|thickness=2 |
||
|1= |
|1={{clade |
||
| |
|thickness=2 |
||
|1={{clade |
|||
|thickness=2 |
|||
|1=†''Viverravus minutus'' |
|||
|2=†''Viverravus sicarius'' |
|||
|3=†''Viverravus'' sp. (Locality Group 2, Washakie Basin, Wyoming) |
|||
}} |
|||
|2=†''Viverravus gracilis'' |
|||
|3=†''Viverravus lutosus'' |
|||
}} |
|||
|2=†''Viverravus acutus'' |
|||
|3=†''Viverravus rosei'' |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
|2=†'' |
|2=†''Viverravus laytoni'' |
||
|3=†''Simpsonictis jaynanneae'' |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
|label2= |
|label2= '''?''' |state2=dotted |
||
|2=†'' |
|2=†''Viverravus'' sp. (''V11141'') |
||
|3=†''Viverravus lawsoni'' |
|||
|4=†''Viverravus politus'' |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
|2={{clade |
|||
|label2= †''[[Pristinictis]]'' |sublabel2= '''?''' |state2=dotted |
|||
|2=†'' |
|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[Viverriscus]]'' |
||
| |
|1=†''Viverriscus omnivorus'' |
||
| |
|label2= †''[[Simpsonictis]]'' |
||
| |
|2={{clade |
||
|1={{clade |
|||
|thickness=2 |
|thickness=2 |
||
|1=†'' |
|1=†''Simpsonictis jaynanneae'' |
||
|2=†'' |
|2=†''Simpsonictis pegus'' |
||
|3=†'' |
|3=†''Simpsonictis tenuis'' |
||
}} }} }} |
|||
}} |
|||
|2=†''Viverravus politus'' |
|||
|3=†''Viverravus lawsoni'' |
|||
|4={{clade |
|||
|thickness=2 |
|||
|1=†''Viverravus laytoni'' |
|||
|2={{clade |
|||
|thickness=2 |
|||
|1=†''Viverravus acutus'' |
|||
|2=†''Viverravus rosei'' |
|||
}} }} }} }} |
|||
|label2= '''?''' |state2=dotted |
|label2= '''?''' |state2=dotted |
||
|2=† |
|2=†[[Viverravidae sp. (CM 71188 & CM 71189)|Viverravidae sp. (''CM 71188'' & ''CM 71189'')]] |
||
|label3= †'''[[Didymictinae]]''' |
|label3= †'''[[Didymictinae]]''' |
||
|3={{clade |
|3={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |
|thickness=2 |
||
|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[ |
|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[Bryanictis]]'' |
||
|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |
|thickness=2 |
||
|1=†'' |
|1=†''Bryanictis microlestes'' |
||
|2=†'' |
|2=†''Bryanictis paulus'' |
||
|3=†'' |
|3=†''Bryanictis terlinguae'' |
||
|4=†''Raphictis nanoptexis'' |
|||
|5=†''Raphictis'' sp. (''UALVP 51558'') |
|||
|6=†''Raphictis'' sp. (''UALVP 8861'') |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
| |
|label2= †''[[Intyrictis]]'' |
||
|2=†''Intyrictis vanvaleni'' |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
|label2= †''[[Didymictis]]'' |
|||
|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |caption={{Uline|c=green| †''[[Protictis]]'' }} |captionstyle=text-align:center;font-weight:bold;padding:2px 10px 1px 1px; |color=green |
|||
|thickness=2 |
|||
|1={{ |
|1={{Uline|c=green| †''[[Protictis|Protictis haydenianus]]'' }} |
||
|2={{Uline|c=green| †''[[Protictis|Protictis minor]]'' }} |
|||
|3={{Uline|c=green| †''[[Protictis|Protictis simpsoni]]'' }} |
|||
|4={{clade |
|||
|thickness=2 |color=green |
|||
|2=†''Didymictis vancleveae'' |
|||
|3=†''Didymictis altidens'' |
|||
|4=†''Didymictis'' sp. (''YPM VPPU 024902'') |
|||
|label5= †'''''Didymictis proteus''''' |sublabel5= ''sensu lato'' |
|||
|5={{clade |
|||
|thickness=2 |
|||
|1=†''Didymictis proteus'' {{small|(''sensu stricto'')}} |
|||
|label2= '''?''' |state2=dotted |
|||
|2=†''Didymictis dellensis'' |
|||
}} }} |
|||
|label3= †'''''Protictis''''' |sublabel3= ''sensu lato'' |
|||
|3={{clade |
|||
|thickness=2 |
|||
|1={{clade |
|||
|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[Protictis]]'' |sublabel1= ''sensu stricto'' |
|||
|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |
|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[Raphictis]]'' |color=green |color1=black |
||
|1={{clade |
|1={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |
|thickness=2 |
||
|1=†'' |
|1=†''Raphictis gausion'' |
||
|2=†'' |
|2=†''Raphictis iota'' |
||
|3=†''Raphictis machaera'' |
|||
|4=†''Raphictis nanoptexis'' |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
|2=†''Protictis |
|2={{Uline|c=green| †''[[Protictis|Protictis paralus]]'' }} |
||
|3=†''Protictis minor'' |
|||
|4=†''Protictis haydenianus'' |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
|label2= †''[[Protictoides]]'' |
|||
|2=†''Protictoides aprophatos'' |
|||
}} |
|||
|label2= †'''''Bryanictis''''' |sublabel2= ''sensu lato'' |
|||
|2={{clade |
|||
|thickness=2 |label1= †''[[Intyrictis]]'' |
|||
|1=†''Intyrictis vanvaleni'' |
|||
|label2= †''[[Bryanictis]]'' |sublabel2= ''sensu stricto'' |
|||
|2={{clade |
|2={{clade |
||
|thickness=2 |
|thickness=2 |color=green |color3=black |color4=black |color5=black |
||
|1=†'' |
|1={{Uline|c=green| †''[[Protictis|Protictis agastor]]'' }} |
||
| |
|label2= †(''[[Protictoides]]'') |
||
| |
|2={{Uline|c=green| †''[[Protictoides|Protictis aprophatos]]'' }} |
||
|label3= †''[[Pristinictis]]'' |
|||
|3=†''Pristinictis connata'' |
|||
|label4= '''?''' |state4=dotted |
|||
|4=†''[[Deltatherium durini|"Deltatherium" durini]]'' |
|||
|label5= †''[[Didymictis]]'' |
|||
|5={{clade |
|||
|thickness=2 |
|||
|1=†''Didymictis dellensis'' |
|||
|2=†''Didymictis proteus'' |
|||
|label3= '''?''' |state3=dotted |
|||
|3=†''Didymictis'' sp. (Erquelinnes, Hainaut, Belgium) |
|||
|4={{clade |
|||
|thickness=2 |
|||
|1=†''Didymictis altidens'' |
|||
|2=†''Didymictis leptomylus'' |
|||
|3=†''Didymictis protenus'' |
|||
|4=†''Didymictis vancleveae'' |
|||
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |
|||
==See also== |
|||
* [[Mammal classification]] |
|||
* [[Carnivoramorpha]] |
|||
* [[Miacoidea]] |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist|2}} |
||
{{Pan-Carnivora|C.|state=collapsed}} |
|||
{{Taxonbar|from=Q4889586}} |
{{Taxonbar|from=Q4889586}} |
||
Line 249: | Line 273: | ||
[[Category:Eocene extinctions]] |
[[Category:Eocene extinctions]] |
||
[[Category:Prehistoric mammal families]] |
[[Category:Prehistoric mammal families]] |
||
{{Paleo-carnivora-stub}} |
{{Paleo-carnivora-stub}} |
Latest revision as of 20:41, 19 January 2024
Viverravidae early | |
---|---|
skull of Viverravus minutus | |
skull of Didymictis protenus | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Clade: | Pan-Carnivora |
Clade: | Carnivoramorpha |
Superfamily: | †Viverravoidea Wortman & Matthew, 1899 |
Family: | †Viverravidae Wortman & Matthew, 1899[1] |
Type genus | |
†Viverravus Marsh, 1872
| |
Genera | |
[see classification]
| |
Synonyms | |
Viverravidae ("ancestors of viverrids") is an extinct monophyletic family of mammals from extinct superfamily Viverravoidea within the clade Carnivoramorpha, that lived from the early Palaeocene to the late Eocene in North America, Europe and Asia.[5][6][7] They were once thought to be the earliest carnivorans and ancestral to extant ones, but now are placed outside the order Carnivora based on cranial morphology as relatives (a plesion-group) to extant carnivorans.[8][9]
General characteristics[edit]
Wang and Tedford propose that they arose in North America 66–60 million years ago, spread to Asia then later to Europe, and were the first carnivoramorphans and possessed the first true pair of carnassial teeth.[10] In viverravids, the skull is elongated and the number of molars is reduced to two (M1/m1 and M2/m2 are present and M3/m3 are absent).
Classification and phylogeny[edit]
Classification[edit]
Taxonomy retrieved from the Paleobiology Database[11]
Superfamily: †Viverravoidea (Wortman & Matthew, 1899) Family: †Viverravidae (Wortman & Matthew, 1899)
|
Phylogeny[edit]
The phylogenetic relationships of family Viverravidae are shown in the following cladogram:[3][12][13][14][15]
Carnivoramorpha |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Wortman, J. L.; Matthew, W. D. (1899). "The ancestry of certain members of the Canidae, Viverridae, and Procyonidae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 12: 109–138. hdl:2246/1535. OCLC 46687698.
- ^ Miklos Kretzoi (1945) "Bemerkungen über das Raubtiersystem." Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, Budapest, vol. 38, pp. 59–83.
- ^ a b J. J. Flynn and H. Galiano. (1982.) "Phylogeny of Early Tertiary Carnivora, With a Description of a New Species of Protictis From the Middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming" American Museum Novitates 2725:1-64
- ^ W. D. Matthew (1909) "The Carnivora and Insectivora of the Bridger Basin, middle Eocene." Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 9:289-567
- ^ "†family Viverravidae (Wortman & Matthew, 1899) (placental)". Fossilworks. Gateway to the Paleobiology Database. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- ^ Malcolm C. McKenna, Susan K. Bell: Classification of Mammals: Above the Species Level in Columbia University Press, New York (1997), 631 Seiten. Viverravidae
- ^ Zack, Shawn P. (2012). "Deciduous dentition of Didymictis (Carnivoramorpha: Viverravidae): implications for the first appearance of "Creodonta"". Journal of Mammalogy. 93 (3): 808–817. doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-245.1. ISSN 0022-2372.
- ^ Wesley-Hunt, G. D.; Flynn, J. J. (2005). "Phylogeny of the Carnivora: basal relationships among the carnivoramorphans, and assessment of the position of 'Miacoidea' relative to Carnivora". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 3: 1–28. doi:10.1017/S1477201904001518. S2CID 86755875.
- ^ Polly, David, Gina D. Wesley-Hunt, Ronald E. Heinrich, Graham Davis and Peter Houde (2006). "Earliest known carnivoran auditory bulla and support for a recent origin of crown-clade carnivora (Eutheria, Mammalia)" (PDF). Palaeontology. 49 (5): 1019–1027. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00586.x.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Wang, Xiaoming; Tedford, Richard H. (2008.) "Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History." New York: Columbia University Press
- ^ Paleobiology Database. Retrieved with Fossilworks (March 3, 2017)
- ^ P. D. Gingerich and D. A. Winkler. (1985.) "Systematics of Paleocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) in the Bighorn Basin and Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 27(4):87-128
- ^ P. D. Polly. (1997.) "Ancestry and Species Definition in Paleontology: A Stratocladistic Analysis of Paleocene-Eocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Wyoming." Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 30(1):1-53
- ^ Solé, Floréal; Smith, Thierry; De Bast, Eric; Codrea, Vlad; Gheerbrant, Emmanuel (2016). "New carnivoraforms from the latest Paleocene of Europe and their bearing on the origin and radiation of Carnivoraformes (Carnivoramorpha, Mammalia)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1082480. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1082480. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 87537565.
- ^ S. Faurby, L. Werdelin, A. Antonelli (2019.) "Dispersal ability predicts evolutionary success among mammalian carnivores" Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE