Emoticon and Ireland national rugby union team tours: Difference between pages

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This article is a list of tours by the '''[[Ireland national rugby union team]]'''
{{tooshort}}
[[Image:Emoticon.svg|thumb|150px|Emoticons originated with text representations.]]
{{Double image stack|right|Smiley.svg|Smiley green alien KO.svg|150|Graphical emoticons range from basic to highly creative.}}


== Ireland Rugby Tours ==
An '''emoticon''' is a symbol or combination of symbols used to convey emotional content in written or message form. The word is a [[portmanteau word|portmanteau]] of the [[English language|English]] words ''emotion'' (or ''emote'') and ''icon''. In [[web forum]]s, [[instant messaging|instant messengers]] and [[online game]]s, text emoticons are often automatically replaced with small corresponding images, which came to be called ''emoticons'' as well. An example of a well known emoticon is a smiley face :-)
{|class="wikitable" style="align:center;"
!Year
!To
!Captain
!Head coach
!Result
!Score
|-
|1899
|[[1899 Ireland rugby union tour of Canada|Canada]]
|{{flagicon|}} James Franks
|
|N/A
|N/A
|-
|1952
|[[1952 Ireland rugby union tour of South America|Chile<br/> & Argentina]]
|{{flagicon|Leinster}} Des O'Brien
|{{flagicon|}} G.P.S. Hogan
|Won
|1-0 (1 Draw)
|-
|1961
|[[1961 Ireland rugby union tour of South Africa|South Africa]]
|{{flagicon|Leinster}} [[Ronnie Dawson (rugby player)|Ronnie Dawson]]
|{{flagicon|}} [[Noel Murphy (rugby player born 1904)|Noel Murphy]]
|Lost
|0-1
|-
|1967
|[[1967 Ireland rugby union tour of Australia|Australia]]
|{{flagicon|Munster}} [[Tom Kiernan]]
|{{flagicon|}} E. O’D. Davy
|Won
|1-0
|-
|1971
|[[1971 Ireland rugby union tour of Argentina|Argentina]]
|{{flagicon|Munster}} [[Tom Kiernan]]
|{{flagicon|}} E. Patterson
|Lost
|0-2
|-
|1976
|[[1976 Ireland rugby union tour of New Zealand and Fiji|New Zealand<br/> & Fiji]]
|{{flagicon|Leinster}} [[Tom Grace]]
|{{flagicon|}} K. Quilligan
|Lost <br> Won
|0-1 (New Zealand) <br> 1-0 (Fiji)
|-
|1979
|[[1979 Ireland rugby union tour of Australia|Australia]]
|{{flagicon|Leinster}} [[Fergus Slattery]]
|{{flagicon|}} J. Coffey
|Won
|2-0
|-
|1981
|[[1981 Ireland rugby union tour of South Africa|South Africa]]
|{{flagicon|Leinster}} [[Fergus Slattery]]
|{{flagicon|}} P. Madigan
|Lost
|0-2
|-
|1985
|[[1985 Ireland rugby union tour of Japan|Japan]]
|{{flagicon|Connacht}} [[Ciaran Fitzgerald]]
|{{flagicon|}} D. McKibbin
|Won
|2-0
|-
|1989
|[[1989 Ireland rugby union tour of North America|Canada<br/> & United States]]
|{{flagicon|Ulster}} [[Willie Anderson (rugby coach)|Willie Anderson]]
|{{flagicon|}} J.C. Davidson
|Won <br> Won
|1-0 (Canada) <br> 1-0 (United States)
|-
|1991
|[[1991 Ireland rugby union tour of Namibia|Namibia]]
|{{flagicon|England}} Philip Matthews
|{{flagicon|Connacht}} [[Ciaran Fitzgerald]]
|Lost
|0-2
|-
|1992
|[[1992 Ireland rugby union tour of New Zealand|New Zealand]]
|{{flagicon|Munster}} Phil Danaher
|{{flagicon|}} [[Gerry Murphy (rugby)|Gerry Murphy]]
|Lost
|0-2
|-
|1994
|[[1994 Ireland rugby union tour of Australia|Australia]]
|{{flagicon|Munster}} [[Michael Bradley (rugby)|Michael Bradley]]
|{{flagicon|}} [[Gerry Murphy (rugby)|Gerry Murphy]]
|Lost
|0-2
|-
|1998
|[[1998 Ireland rugby union tour of South Africa|South Africa]]
|{{flagicon|Ulster}} [[Paddy Johns]]
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Warren Gatland]]
|Lost
|0-2
|-
|1999
|[[1999 Ireland rugby union tour of Australia|Australia]]
|{{flagicon|South Africa}} [[Dion O'Cuinneagain]]
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Warren Gatland]]
|Lost
|0-2
|-
|2000
|[[2000 Ireland rugby union tour of The Americas|Argentina,<br/>United States<br/> & Canada]]
|{{flagicon|}}
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Warren Gatland]]
|Lost <br> Won <br> Drew
|0-1 (Argentina) <br> 1-0 (United States) <br> 0-0 (Canada)
|-
|2002
|[[2002 Ireland rugby union tour of New Zealand|New Zealand]]
|{{flagicon|Munster}} [[Keith Wood]]
|{{flagicon|Munster}} [[Eddie O'Sullivan]]
|Lost
|0-2
|-
|2003
|[[2003 Ireland rugby union tour of The South Seas|Australia,<br/>Tonga<br/> & Samoa]]
|{{flagicon|Ulster}} [[David Humphreys (rugby player)|David Humphreys]] <br> {{flagicon|Leinster}} [[Reggie Corrigan]]
|{{flagicon|Munster}} [[Eddie O'Sullivan]]
|Lost <br> Won <br> Won
|0-1 (Australia) <br> 1-0 (Tonga) <br> 1-0 (Samoa)
|-
|2004
|[[2004 Ireland rugby union tour of South Africa|South Africa]]
|{{flagicon|Leinster}} [[Brian O'Driscoll]]
|{{flagicon|Munster}} [[Eddie O'Sullivan]]
|Lost
|0-2
|-
|2005
|[[2005 Ireland rugby union tour of Japan|Japan]]
|{{flagicon|Ulster}} [[David Humphreys (rugby player)|David Humphreys]]
|{{flagicon|Munster}} Niall O'Donovan
|Won
|2-0
|-
|2006
|[[2006 Ireland rugby union tour of New Zealand and Australia|New Zealand <br> & Australia]]
|{{flagicon|Leinster}} [[Brian O'Driscoll]]
|{{flagicon|Munster}} [[Eddie O'Sullivan]]
|Lost <br> Lost
|0-2 (New Zealand) <br> 0-1 (Australia)
|-
|2007
|[[2007 Ireland rugby union tour of Argentina|Argentina]]
|{{flagicon|Ulster}} [[Simon Best]]
|{{flagicon|Munster}} [[Eddie O'Sullivan]]
|Lost
|0-2
|-
|2008
|[[2008 Ireland rugby union tour of New Zealand and Australia|New Zealand <br> & Australia]]
|{{flagicon|Leinster}} [[Brian O'Driscoll]]
|{{flagicon|Munster}} [[Michael Bradley (rugby)|Michael Bradley]]
|Lost <br> Lost
|0-1 (New Zealand) <br> 0-1 (Australia)
|-
|2009
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}


== History ==
== Tour stats ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
[[Image:Emoticons Puck 1881.png|thumb|Emoticons published in the [[March 30]] 1881 issue of ''[[Puck (magazine)|Puck]].]]
|-
The ''National Telegraphic Review and Operators Guide'' in April 1857 documented the use of the number 73 in [[Morse code]] to express "love and kisses" (later reduced to the more formal "best regards"). ''Dodge's Manual'' in 1908 documented the reintroduction of "love and kisses" as the number 88. Gajadhar and Green comment that both [[Morse code abbreviations]] are more succinct than modern abbreviations such as [[LOL (Internet slang)|LOL]].<ref>{{cite paper|author=Joan Gajadhar and John Green|title=An Analysis of Nonverbal Communication in an Online Chat Group|date=17 July 2003|publisher=The Open Polytechnic of New Zealand|url=http://www.openpolytechnic.ac.nz/research/wp/res_wp203gajadharj.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Joan Gajadhar and John Green|title=An Analysis of Nonverbal Communication in an Online Chat Group|date=2005|journal=EDUCAUSE Quarterly|volume=24|issue=4|url=http://www.educause.edu/apps/eq/eqm05/eqm05411.asp?bhcp=1|format=html}}</ref>
!rowspan="2"|Flag

!rowspan="2"|Nation or Nations
Typographical emoticons were published in 1881 by the U.S. satirical magazine ''[[Puck (magazine)|Puck]]''. In 1912 [[Ambrose Bierce]] proposed "an improvement in punctuation &mdash; the snigger point, or note of cachinnation: it is written thus \___/! and presents a smiling mouth. It is to be appended, with the full stop, [or exclamation mark as Bierce's later example used] to every jocular or ironical sentence".<ref>{{cite paper|title="For Brevity and Clarity"|work=Collected Works|location=N.Y. and Washington|date=1909&ndash;1912|author=Ambrose Bierce}}</ref>
!rowspan="2"|From

!rowspan="2"|To
Emoticons had already come into use in sci-fi [[fandom]] in the 1940s,<ref>Gregory Benford, ''A Scientist's Notebook: net@fandom.com'', The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction, Vol. 90, No. 6 (June 1996), p. 90</ref> although there seems to have been a lapse in cultural continuity between the communities.
!colspan="4"|Test Matches

!colspan="4"|Tour Matches
An early instance of using text characters to represent a sideways smiling (and frowning) face occurred in an ad for the [[MGM]] movie ''[[Lili]]'' in the ''[[New York Herald Tribune]]'', March 10, 1953, page 20, cols. 4-6. (See "Creation of :-) and :-(" section below.)
!colspan="8"|Total Record

In 1963 the "[[smiley face]]", a yellow button with two black dots representing eyes and an upturned thick curve representing a mouth, was created by freelance artist [[Harvey Ball]]. It was realized on order of a large insurance company as part of a campaign to bolster the morale of its employees and soon became a big hit. This smiley presumably inspired many later emoticons; the most basic graphic emoticon that depicts this is in fact a small, yellow, smiley face.

In a [[New York Times]] interview in April 1969, [[Alden Whitman]] asked writer [[Vladimir Nabokov]]: "How do you rank yourself among writers (living) and of the immediate past?" Nabokov answered: "I often think there should exist a special typographical sign for a smile &mdash; some sort of concave mark, a supine round bracket, which I would now like to trace in reply to your question." <ref>{{cite book|author=Nabokov|title=Strong Opinions|id=ISBN 0-679-72609-8|publisher=Vintage Books|date=March 1990|url=http://lib.ru/NABOKOW/Inter11.txt}}</ref>

=== Proto-emoticons ===
Starting around 1976 the people on the [[PLATO System]] were using [http://www.platopeople.com/emoticons.html emoticons]. They had many of the advantages of later character based emoticons because they could be used anywhere that you could type text and new emoticons could be created whenever a user thought a new one up. They also had many of the advantages of later graphical emoticons because they used character overstriking which created graphical images.

Several Internet websites &mdash;such as [[BT Group|BT]]'s Connected Earth<ref>[http://www.connected-earth.co.uk/Galleries/Frombuttonstobytes/ComputerNetworks/Thegrowthofe-mail/index.htm Connected Earth: The growth of e-mail<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>&mdash; assert that Kevin Mackenzie proposed <tt>-)</tt> as a joke-marker in April 1979, on a message board called ''MsgGroup''. The idea was to indicate [[tongue-in-cheek]] — the [[hyphen]] represented a tongue, not a nose.
Others used <tt>:-)</tt> for tongue-in-cheek, with the colon representing teeth. Also used was
<tt>-:)</tt> to indicate sticking out your tongue, in derision or anger. Although similar to a sideways smiling face, the intended interpretation was different and this does not appear to have inspired the later smileys.

=== Creation of :-) and :-( ===
The first person documented to have used the original [[ASCII]] emoticons <tt>:-)</tt> and <tt>:-(</tt>, with a specific suggestion that they be used to express emotion, was [[Scott Fahlman]];<ref>{{cite news
| title = :) turns 25
| publisher = Associated Press
| date = [[2007-09-20]]
| url = http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/09/18/emoticon.anniversary.ap/index.html
| accessdate = 2007-09-20 }}
</ref> the text of his original proposal, posted to the [[Carnegie Mellon University]] computer science general [[bulletin board system|board]] on 19 September 1982 (11:44<!-- local time? -->), was thought to have been lost, but was recovered twenty years later by Jeff Baird from old backup tapes.<ref>See [http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sef/Orig-Smiley.htm Fahlman's website] for a reconstruction of the entire thread</ref>
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{|
|<pre.raw style="border: 0px;">
19-Sep-82 11:44 Scott E Fahlman :)
From: Scott E Fahlman <Fahlman at Cmu-20c>

I propose that the following character sequence for joke markers:
:-)
Read it sideways. Actually, it is probably more economical to mark
things that are NOT jokes - given current trends. For this, use
:-(
</pre>

Actually, teletype machine operators, as early as 1973, and probably long before that date, used "emoticons" to express themselves. Teletypes were limited to the keys of a standard typewriter keyboard plus a few special characters. Teletype operators developed a sort of shorthand to communicate among themselves. These shorthand notations became the foundation of "emoticons" as computers began to replace teletypes on university campuses.

=== Graphical replacement ===
In [[web forum]]s, [[instant messaging|instant messengers]] and [[online game]]s, text emoticons are often automatically replaced with small corresponding images, which came to be called "Emoticons." Similarly, in some versions of [[Microsoft Office Word|Microsoft Word]], the Auto Correct feature replaces basic smileys such as <tt>:-)</tt> and <tt>:-(</tt> with a single smiley-like character. Originally, these image emoticons were fairly simple and replaced only the most straightforward and common character sequences, but over time they became so complex that the more specialized emoticons are often input using a menu or popup windows, sometimes listing hundreds of items. Emoticons have also expanded beyond simple cartoon facial expressions to a variety of still or moving images. Some of these graphical emoticons do not actually represent faces or emotions; for example, an "emoticon" showing a guitar might be used to represent music. Further, some instant messaging software is designed to play a sound upon receiving certain emoticons.

Many applications use text codes, which become replaced with a graphical emoticon. For example, :dance: or (dance) could be replaced with a graphical dancing emoticon.

An August 2004 issue of the ''Risks Digest'' (''comp.risks'' on [[USENET]]) pointed out a problem with such features which are not under the sender's control:
:It's hard to know in advance what character-strings will be parsed into what kind of unintended image. A colleague was discussing his [[401(k)]] plan with his boss, who happens to be female, via instant messaging. He discovered, to his horror, that the boss's instant-messaging client was rendering the "(k)" as a big pair of red smoochy lips.<ref>{{cite newsgroup|url=http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/23.48.html#subj5|newsgroup=comp.risks|title=Emoticon-interpreters create risks in instant messaging services|date=[[2004-07-30]]|author=Hawkins Dale}}</ref>

Many sites use [[Graphics Interchange Format|GIF]] or [[Portable Network Graphics|PNG]] graphic files, because of their transparency and small file size capabilities. Files can be created using a [[raster graphics editor]]. Many emoticon artists design their emoticons [[pixel]] by pixel. Some emoticons are made in [[vector]] format, such as [[SVG]], and automatically processed using a [[graphics library]]. This allows SVG files to be automatically rendered as a GIF or PNG file, which is compatible on all browsers, which SVG is not.

== Western style ==
Traditionally, the emoticon in Western style is written from left to right, the way one reads and writes in most Western cultures. Thus, most commonly, emoticons have the eyes on the left, followed by the nose and mouth. To more easily recognize them, tilt your head toward your left shoulder (or occasionally toward your right shoulder if the "top" of the emoticon is toward the right).{{Fact|date=September 2008}}

=== Common examples ===
{{main|List of common emoticons}}
The most basic emoticons are relatively consistent in form, but each of them can also be transformed by being rotated (making them tiny [[ambigrams]]), with or without hyphen (nose), and so on:

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!width=100|Icon
!width=180|Meaning
!width=100|Icon
!width=180|Meaning
!width=100|Icon
!width=180|Meaning
|-
|-
!P!!W!!D!!L!!P!!W!!D!!L!!P!!W!!D!!L!!%!!PF!!PA!!PD
<!-- THESE EMOTICONS ARE FINE THE WAY THEY ARE, WE DO NOT WANT TO ADD ALL VARIATIONS: ARTICLE
ALREADY STATES THAT CHARACTERS CAN BE SUBSTITUTED. IF YOU DISAGREE, DISCUSS ON TALK PAGE. /-->
|:)||smile, happy ||:(||sad, depressed ||;) or ;] ||wink
|-
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada|1868}}
|:D or XD ||big grin or laugh ||:P or =P ||tongue out, happy, or after a joke ||:* ||kiss
|align=left|[[1899 Ireland rugby union tour of Canada|1889 tour of Canada]]
|align=left|12th October
|align=left|6th November
|||||||||11||10||-||1||11||10||-||1||{{#expr:10/11* 100 round 2}}%||150||50||100
|-
|-
|{{flagicon|Chile}}<br />{{flagicon|Argentina}}
| :O or =O ||surprised or shocked ||:/ ||uncertain ||:<nowiki>|</nowiki> ||waiting, indifferent
|align=left|[[1952 Ireland rugby union tour of South America|1952 tour of Chile and Argentina]] <br />Test Series<ref>Ireland did not award caps for this series</ref> <br />Ireland 1–0 [[Argentina national rugby union team|Argentina]] (1 Draw)
|align=left|1st August
|align=left|3rd September
|||||||||9||6||2||1||9||6||2||1||{{#expr:6/9* 100 round 2}}%||126||43||83
|-
|-
|{{flagicon|South Africa|1928}}
|:S || confused ||=(||sadness, depressed ||=X||speechless
|align=left|[[1961 Ireland rugby union tour of South Africa|1961 tour of South Africa]] <br />Test Series<br />Ireland 0–1 [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]
|align=left|13th May
|align=left|24th May
|1||-||-||1||3||3||-||-||4||3||-||1||{{#expr:3/4* 100 round 2}}%||59||36||23
|-
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}}
| >:( or >=( ||angry ||:? ||confused ||:'( || crying
|align=left|[[1967 Ireland rugby union tour of Australia|1967 tour of Australia]] <br />Test Series<br />Ireland 1–0 [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]]
|align=left|1st May
|align=left|20th May
|1||1||-||-||5||3||-||2||6||4||-||2||{{#expr:4/6* 100 round 2}}%||119||80||39
|-
|{{flagicon|Argentina}}
|align=left|[[1971 Ireland rugby union tour of Argentina|1971 tour of Argentina]] <br />Test Series<ref>Ireland did not award caps for this series</ref> <br />Ireland 0–2 [[Argentina national rugby union team|Argentina]]
|align=left|30th August
|align=left|20th September
|||||||||7||4||-||3||7||4||-||3||{{#expr:6/7* 100 round 2}}%||73||57||16
|-
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}}<br />{{flagicon|Fiji}}
|align=left|[[1976 Ireland rugby union tour of New Zealand and Fiji|1976 tour of New Zealand & Fiji]] <br />Test Series<br />Ireland 0–1 [[All Blacks|New Zealand]]<br />Ireland 1–0 [[Fiji national rugby union team|Fiji]] (Tour Match)
|align=left|15th May
|align=left|9th June
|1||-||-||1||7||5||-||2||8||5||-||3||{{#expr:4/7* 100 round 2}}%||88||68||20
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}}
|align=left|[[1979 Ireland rugby union tour of Australia|1979 tour of Australia]] <br />Test Series<br />Ireland 2–0 [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]]
|align=left|20th May
|align=left|16th June
|2||2||-||-||6||5||-||1||8||7||-||1||{{#expr:7/8* 100 round 2}}%||184||75||109
|-
|{{flagicon|South Africa|1928}}
|align=left|[[1981 Ireland rugby union tour of South Africa|1981 tour of South Africa]] <br />Test Series<br />Ireland 0–2 [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]
|align=left|16th May
|align=left|6th June
|2||-||-||2||5||3||-||2||7||3||-||4||{{#expr:3/7* 100 round 2}}%||207||90||117
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}}
|align=left|[[1985 Ireland rugby union tour of Japan|1985 tour of Japan]] <br />Test Series<ref>Ireland did not award caps for this series</ref> <br />Ireland 2–0 [[Japan national rugby union team|Japan]]
|align=left|19th May
|align=left|2nd June
|||||||||5||5||-||-||5||5||-||-||{{#expr:5/5* 100 round 2}}%||201||66||135
|-
|{{flagicon|Canada}}<br />{{flagicon|United States}}
|align=left|[[1989 Ireland rugby union tour of North America|1989 tour of North America]] <br />Test Series<ref>Ireland did not award caps for this series</ref> <br />Ireland 1–0 [[Canada national rugby union team|Canada]] <br />Ireland 1–0 [[United States national rugby union team|United States]]
|align=left|30th August
|align=left|9th September
|||||||||4||4||-||-||4||4||-||-||{{#expr:4/4* 100 round 2}}%||135||52||83
|-
|{{flagicon|Namibia}}
|align=left|[[1991 Ireland rugby union tour of Namibia|1991 tour of Namibia]] <br />Test Series <br />Ireland 0–2 [[Namibia national rugby union team|Namibia]]
|align=left|17th June
|align=left|27th June
|2||-||-||2||2||2||-||-||4||2||-||2||{{#expr:2/4* 100 round 2}}%||101||61||40
|-
|{{flagicon|New Zealand}}
|align=left|[[1992 Ireland rugby union tour of New Zealand|1992 tour of New Zealand]] <br />Test Series<br />Ireland 0–2 [[All Blacks|New Zealand]]
|align=left|16th May
|align=left|6th June
|2||-||-||2||6||3||-||3||8||3||-||5||{{#expr:3/8* 100 round 2}}%||153||287||-134
|-
|{{flagicon|Australia}}
|align=left|[[1994 Ireland rugby union tour of Australia|1994 tour of Australia]] <br />Test Series<br />Ireland 0–2 [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]]
|align=left|18th May
|align=left|11th June
|2||-||-||2||6||2||-||4||8||2||-||6||{{#expr:2/8* 100 round 2}}%||177||254||-77
|}
|}


[[Category:Ireland national rugby union team tours| ]]
=== Variation ===
There are endless possibilities because people are very good at creating and interpreting pictures as faces. See [[ASCII art]].

An equal sign is often used for the eyes in place of the colon, without changing the meaning of the emoticon. In these instances, the hyphen is almost always either omitted or, occasionally, replaced with an 'o' as in =O).In some circles it has become acceptable to omit the hyphen, whether a colon or an equal sign is used for the eyes<ref>http://denoser.sourceforge.net/</ref>. In other areas of usage, people prefer the larger, more traditional emoticon :-). In general, similar-looking characters are commonly substituted for one another: for instance, <tt>o</tt>, <tt>O</tt>, and <tt>0</tt> can all be used interchangeably, sometimes for subtly different effect. In some cases, one type of character may look better in a certain font and therefore be preferred over another.

Some variants are also more common in certain countries because of reasons like [[keyboard layout]]s, for example the smiley <tt> =) </tt> is common in [[Scandinavia]] and [[Finland]] where the keys for <tt> = </tt> and <tt> ) </tt> are placed right beside each other and both need the use of the [[shift key]]. Also, sometimes, the user can replace the brackets used for the mouth with other, similar shapes, such as <tt> ] </tt> and <tt> [ </tt> instead of <tt> ) </tt> and <tt> ( </tt>.

[[Diacritic|Diacritical marks]] are sometimes used. An O with an [[umlaut (diacritic)|umlaut]], <tt>Ö</tt>, can be seen as an emoticon, as the upright version of <tt>:O</tt> (meaning that one is surprised).

=== Posture emoticons ===
{{Inappropriate tone|date=April 2008}}
{{Refimprovesect|date=April 2008}}

Orz (also seen as _|￣|o, OTL, Or2, Orz, OTZ, O7Z, Sto, Jto, _no) is a Japanese emoticon representing a kneeling or bowing person, with the "o" being the head, the "r" being the arms and part of the body, and the "z" being part of the body and the legs. This [[stick figure]] represents failure and despair. It is also commonly (mis-)used for representing a great admiration for (sometimes with an overtone of sarcasm) someone else's view or action. It was first seen in late 2002. It was first used at the forum on [http://www.techside.net/ Techside], Japanese personal website. At the "Techside FAQ Forum" (TECHSIDE教えて君BBS(教えてBBS) ), a poster asked about a cable cover, typing "＿|￣|○" to show a cable and its cover. Others commented that it looked like a kneeling person, and the symbol became popular. These comments were soon deleted as they were considered off-topic. However, one of the first corresponding reactions can be found on the thread on <ref>{{iawm|http://210.136.179.189/cgi-bin/ch/log/log.html|"Techside Chitchat Forum" (Techside一言板。)}}</ref>, on December 23, 2002, and spawned a [[subculture]] in late 2004. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boingboing.net/2005/02/07/all-about-orz.html|author=Boing Boing|title=All about Orz}}</ref> Orz is associated sometimes with the phrase "nice guy" &mdash; that is, the concept of males being rejected for a date by girls they are pursuing with a phrase like "You're a nice guy," or "I'd like to be your friend."

Though people generally use the pictograph to show that they have failed and/or they are in despair, some users use it to imply being doubled over in laughter. It is not to be read phonetically; the letters are spelled out. Orz should not be confused with '''m(_&nbsp;_)m''', which means an apology.

Another common posture emoticon is '''OGC''', which depicts a man in the process of masturbation. The emoticon is used to express appreciation or sarcasm toward a sexual topic or image, it became widely used after awareness was raised by a subsequently revised logo for the [[Office of Government Commerce]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Simpson|first=Aislinn|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1901656/OGC-unveils-new-logo-to-red-faces.html|title=OGC unveils new logo to red faces|publisher=''Daily Telegraph''|date=2008-04-25|accessdate=2008-05-06}}</ref>

== Eastern style ==
{{Mergefrom|emoji|date=November 2007}}
{{Mergefrom|kaoani|date=November 2007}}
Users from [[East Asia]] popularized a style of emoticons that can be understood without tilting one's head to the left. This style arose on ASCII NET of Japan in 1986.<ref> The History of Smiley Marks[http://staff.aist.go.jp/k.harigaya/doc/kao_his.html]</ref>

These emoticons are usually found in a format similar to (*_*). The [[asterisk]]s indicate the eyes, the central character, commonly an [[underscore]], the mouth, and the parentheses, the outline of the face. A large number of different characters can be used to replace the eyes, which usually is where the emoticon derives its emotive aspect (contrasting the Western emoticons' emoting through the mouth). Different emotions can be expressed by changing the character representing the eyes, for example ' T ' can be used to express crying or sadness (T_T). The emphasis on the eyes is reflected in the common usage of emoticons that use only the eyes, e.g. ^^. Looks of embarrassment are either represented by (x_x) or (-_-;). Characters like hyphens or periods can replace the underscore; the period is often used for a smaller, "cuter" mouth or to represent a nose, e.g. (^.^). Alternatively, the mouth/nose can be left out entirely, e.g. (^^). The parentheses also can often be replaced with [[Bracket#Curly brackets or braces .7B .7D|braces]], e.g. {^_^}. Many times, the parentheses are left out completely, e.g. ^^, >.<, o_O, O.O, <.<; A quotation mark ", apostrophe ', or semicolon ; can be added to the emoticon to imply apprehension or embarrassment, in the same way that a [[sweat drop]] is used in [[anime]] culture. Many other characters can be appended to also indicate arms or hands, e.g.
<(^_^)> or \(^o^)/ or ⊂( ﾟヮﾟ)⊃ or (/.\) => (\^o^/) (peek-a-boo) or <(-.-<) or /(T_T)\.{{Fact|date=September 2008}}

Microsoft [[Input method editor|IME]] 2002 (Japanese) or later supports the use of both forms of emoticons by enabling Microsoft IME Spoken Language Dictionary. In IME 2007, it was moved to Emoticons dictionary.

=== Indian Style ===
Emoticons like /||\, meaning [[namasté]], have become popular with Indian internet users.{{Fact|date=September 2008}}

=== Western use of East Asian style ===
English-language [[anime]] forums adopted those emoticons that could be used with the standard ASCII characters available on western keyboards. Because of this, they are often called "anime style" emoticons in the English-speaking Internet. They have since seen use in more mainstream venues, including online gaming, instant-messaging, and other non-anime related forums. Emoticons such as <(^.^)>, <(o_o<), which include the parentheses, mouth or nose, and arms (especially those represented by the inequality signs < or >) also are often referred to as "Kirbies" in reference to their likeness to [[Nintendo]]'s [[video game]] character, [[Kirby (Nintendo)|Kirby]]. The parentheses are usually dropped when used in the English language context, and the underscore of the mouth may be extended as an intensifier, e.g. ^___^ for very happy.

=== Mixture of western and East Asian style ===
Exposure to both western and East Asian style emoticons or emoji through web blogs, instant messaging, and forums featuring a blend of Western and Asian pop culture, has given rise to emoticons that have an upright viewing format. The parentheses are similarly dropped in the English language context and the emoticons only use alphanumeric characters and the most commonly used English punctuation marks. Emoticons such as -O-, -3-, -w-, ' - ', ; - ;, and .V., are used to convey mixed emotions that are more difficult to convey with traditional emoticons. Characters are sometimes added to emoticons to convey a anime or manga-styled [[sweat drop]], for example: ^_^' or >_<!.

===Ideographic style===
{{seealso|:zh:囧|zh:失意體前屈}}

The letter ''囧'' (U+56E7) originally meant 'bright'<ref>[http://baike.baidu.com/view/181979.htm Baidu: 囧]</ref>, is also used in Chinese community for frowning face.<ref>[http://tv.people.com.cn/BIG5/61602/7815716.html 生僻字大行其道 "囧"衍生出各種表情]</ref> It is also combined with posture emoticon Orz, such as 囧rz. The letter existed in [[Oracle bone script]], but its use as emoticon was documented as early as 2005-1-20.<ref>[http://www.nownews.com/2005/01/20/327-1744028.htm 心情很orz嗎？ 網路象形文字幽默一下]</ref>

Other ideographic variant for 囧 include 崮 (king 囧), 莔 (queen 囧), 商 (囧 with hat), 囧興 (turtle), 卣 (Bomberman).

The letter 槑 (U+69D1) originally meant 'plum', is used to represent double of '呆' (dull), or further magnitude of dullness.<ref>[http://baike.baidu.com/view/82855.htm Baidu: 槑]</ref>

== 2channel style ==
The Japanese language is usually encoded using double-[[byte]] character codes. As a result there is a bigger variety of characters that can be used in emoticons, many of which cannot be reproduced in [[ASCII]]. Most kaomoji contain [[Cyrillic]] and other foreign letters to create even more complicated expressions analogous to [[ASCII art]]'s level of complexity. To type such emoticons, the input editor that is used to type Japanese on a user's system is equipped with a dictionary of emoticons, after which the user simply types the Japanese word (or something close to it) that represents the desired emoticon to convert the input into such complicated emoticons. Such expressions are known as [[Shift JIS art]].{{Fact|date=September 2008}}

Users of [[2channel]] in particular have developed a wide variety of unique emoticons using obscure characters. Some have taken on a life of their own and become characters in their own right, like [[Mona (ASCII art)|Mona]].

== Multimedia variations ==
A portmanteau of ''emotion'' and ''[[sound]]'', an '''emotisound''' is a brief sound transmitted and played back during the viewing of a message, typically an IM message or e-mail message. The sound is intended to communicate an emotional [[subtext]].{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Many instant messaging clients automatically trigger sound effects in response to specific emoticons.

Some services, such as MuzIcons, combine emoticons and flash player in a widget.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.muzicons.com|title=Muzicons.com - music sharing widget|accessdate=2008-06-25}}</ref>

The [[Trillian (software)|Trillian]] chat application introduced an feature called "emotiblips", in version 3.0 (2004), which allows Trillian users to stream files to their instant message recipients "as the voice and video equivalent of an emoticon".[http://www.ceruleanstudios.com/faqs/]

In 2007 [[MTV]] and [[Paramount Pictures#Paramount Home Entertainment|Paramount Home Entertainment]] promoted the "emoticlip" as a form of [[viral marketing]] for the second season of the show ''The Hills''. The emoticlips were twelve short snippets of dialogue from the show, uploaded to YouTube, which the advertisers hoped would be distributed between web users as a way of expressing feelings in a similar manner to emoticons. The emoticlip concept is credited to the Bradley & Montgomery advertising firm, which hopes they would be widely adopted as "greeting cards that just happen to be selling something".<ref>[http://www.adweek.com/aw/national/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003623867 AdWeek Article about Emoticlip]</ref>.

In 2008 classic emoticons have been extended to allow users expressing their feelings
in on-line environments and create millions of different emoticon sequences via a simple web-interface. The real-time animation tool, called '''FunIcons''' <ref>[http://www.digitalelite.us.com/Pages/DigitalElite/FunIcons.html FunIcons] Digital Elite Inc.</ref> further extended the concept by adding range of photo-based characters and defining expressions spaces over a 2D circular domain. Sharing emoticons have also become easier. In addition to email or saving their own animations users may use them on [[Skype]], [[Yahoo Messenger]], [[MSN]], [[FaceBook]] and similar social utility applications applications in a manner that replaces their web camera. FunIcon implementations include a [[Adobe Flash]]-based web interface, and [[Java]] for mobile devices.

== Emoticons and intellectual property rights ==
In 2000 [[Despair, Inc.]] obtained a U.S. [[trademark]] registration for the "frowny" emoticon <tt>:-(</tt> when used on "greeting cards, posters and art prints." In 2001, they issued a satirical press release, announcing that they would sue Internet users who typed the frowny; the joke backfired and the company received a storm of protest when its mock release was posted at technology news website [[Slashdot]].<ref>Schwartz, John. "[http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/29/technology/29LOGO.html Compressed Data: Don't Mind That Lawsuit, It's Just a Joke]," ''New York Times'', January 29, 2001</ref> They subsequently issued another press release a month later in response to the reaction their claim had generated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.despair.com/demotivators/acompromise.html | title=Facing International Outrage, Despair, Inc. Founder Offers Apology, Compromise on Emoticon Ban | accessdate=2008-06-25 | author=Despair, Inc}}</ref>
[[Image:USpatent6987991 emoticon.jpg|thumb|Patented drop down menu for composing phone mail text message with emoticons. {{cite patent|US|6987991}}]]

A number of [[patent application]]s have been filed on inventions that assist in communicating with emoticons. A few of these have issued as US [[patent]]s. {{cite patent|US|6987991}}, for example, discloses a method developed in 2001 to send emoticons over a cell phone using a drop down menu. The advantage over the [[prior art]] was that the user saved on the number of keystrokes.

In Finland, the emoticons :-), =), =(, :) and :( were [[trademark]]ed in 2006 for use with various products and services.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Tavaramerkkilehti | journal = Tavaramerkkilehti | issue = 10 | pages = 27–28 | publisher = National Board of Patents and Registration of Finland | date = [[2006-05-31]] | url = http://tavaramerkki.prh.fi/lehti/tm/Tavaramerkkilehti10S_2006.pdf | accessdate = 2007-06-16 }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[ASCII art]]
*[[Emoji]]
*[[Hieroglyph]]
*[[Internet slang]]
*[[Kaoani]]
*[[Pixel art]]
*[[Smiley]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal|author=Walther, J. B., & D'Addario, K. P.|date=2001|title=The impacts of emoticons on message interpretation in computer-mediated communication|journal=Social Science Computer Review|volume=19|pages=323&ndash;345}}
* Wolf, Alecia. 2000. "Emotional Expression Online: Gender Differences in Emoticon Use." ''CyberPsychology & Behavior 3'': 827-833.

== External links ==
{{commons|Smiley}}

=== History ===
* 1976: [http://www.platopeople.com/emoticons.html PLATO emoticons] Character overstriking patterns
* 1982: [http://research.microsoft.com/~mbj/Smiley/Smiley.html The First Smiley :-)] Mike Jones' article about Fahlman's CMU post (with his testimony) -
* 2007: [http://www.itpro.co.uk/news/125581/ 25 years of the smiley face] Article charting the history of the emoticon and its 25th anniversary

=== Examples ===
<!-- DO NOT ADD ANY MORE LINKS UNLESS THEY HAVE NOTABILITY, THERE ARE THOUSANDS OF EMOTICON SITES, WE DO NOT NEED THEM ALL -->
* [http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/help/HA011196081033.aspx Insert smileys and other emoticons]
* [http://www.aim.com/emoticons.adp?aolp= List of AOL messenger emoticons]
* [http://mail.google.com/support/bin/answer.py?answer=34056&topic=8405 List of GTalk emoticons]
* [http://messenger.msn.com/Resource/Emoticons.aspx List of MSN messenger emoticons]
* [http://messenger.yahoo.com/emoticons.php List of Yahoo messenger emoticons]
* [http://www.emoticoncity.com/ More emoticons for Outlook, AIM, Yahoo Messenger, IE, and Firefox]
* [[Wikia]] has a wiki on this subject: [http://emoticon.wikia.com/wiki/Emoticon_wiki Emoticon wiki]

=== Japanese emoticons ===
* [http://club.pep.ne.jp/%7ehiroette/en/facemarks/body.html 2-byte Japanese emoticons]
* [http://www.anikaos.com/japanese_emoticons.html Anikaos Japanese Anime emoticons list]
* [http://www.iit.edu/~jfas/articles/animeemoticons.html Article - A Guide to Anime Emoticons] Western usage of kaomoji
* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/jmania/sets/72057594062069297/ Koto Phone in Japan] Flickr set - Example of default kaomoji on Japanese cell phone
* [http://office.microsoft.com/ja-jp/ime/HA101030001041.aspx List of Microsoft Office Input Method Editor emoticons] {{jp icon}}

[[Category:ASCII art]]
[[Category:Internet culture]]
[[Category:On-line chat]]
[[Category:Internet memes]]
[[Category:Internet slang]]
[[Category:Internet forum terminology]]

[[ar:ابتسامة (دردشة)]]
[[ast:Emoticonu]]
[[bg:Емотикон]]
[[ca:Emoticona]]
[[cs:Emotikon]]
[[da:Emoticon]]
[[de:Emoticon]]
[[et:Emotikon]]
[[el:Φατσούλες]]
[[es:Emoticono]]
[[eo:Miensimbolo]]
[[eu:Sentikur]]
[[fr:Émoticône]]
[[gl:Cariña]]
[[ko:이모티콘]]
[[ia:Emoticone]]
[[it:Emoticon]]
[[he:רגשון]]
[[ka:სიცილაკი]]
[[lv:Smaidiņš]]
[[lt:Šypsenėlė]]
[[li:Emoticon]]
[[hu:Hangulatjel]]
[[ml:സ്മൈലി]]
[[ms:Emotikon]]
[[nl:Emoticon]]
[[ja:顔文字]]
[[nn:Uttrykksikon]]
[[pl:Emotikon]]
[[pt:Emoticon]]
[[ru:Смайлик]]
[[fi:Hymiö]]
[[sv:Uttryckssymbol]]
[[th:อีโมติคอน]]
[[uk:Смайл]]
[[zh:表情符号]]

Revision as of 21:57, 10 October 2008

This article is a list of tours by the Ireland national rugby union team

Ireland Rugby Tours

Year To Captain Head coach Result Score
1899 Canada James Franks N/A N/A
1952 Chile
& Argentina 		Leinster Des O'Brien G.P.S. Hogan Won 1-0 (1 Draw)
1961 South Africa Leinster Ronnie Dawson Noel Murphy Lost 0-1
1967 Australia Munster Tom Kiernan E. O’D. Davy Won 1-0
1971 Argentina Munster Tom Kiernan E. Patterson Lost 0-2
1976 New Zealand
& Fiji 		Leinster Tom Grace K. Quilligan Lost
Won 		0-1 (New Zealand)
1-0 (Fiji)
1979 Australia Leinster Fergus Slattery J. Coffey Won 2-0
1981 South Africa Leinster Fergus Slattery P. Madigan Lost 0-2
1985 Japan Connacht Ciaran Fitzgerald D. McKibbin Won 2-0
1989 Canada
& United States 		Ulster Willie Anderson J.C. Davidson Won
Won 		1-0 (Canada)
1-0 (United States)
1991 Namibia England Philip Matthews Connacht Ciaran Fitzgerald Lost 0-2
1992 New Zealand Munster Phil Danaher Gerry Murphy Lost 0-2
1994 Australia Munster Michael Bradley Gerry Murphy Lost 0-2
1998 South Africa Ulster Paddy Johns New Zealand Warren Gatland Lost 0-2
1999 Australia South Africa Dion O'Cuinneagain New Zealand Warren Gatland Lost 0-2
2000 Argentina,
United States
& Canada 		New Zealand Warren Gatland Lost
Won
Drew 		0-1 (Argentina)
1-0 (United States)
0-0 (Canada)
2002 New Zealand Munster Keith Wood Munster Eddie O'Sullivan Lost 0-2
2003 Australia,
Tonga
& Samoa 		Ulster David Humphreys
Leinster Reggie Corrigan 		Munster Eddie O'Sullivan Lost
Won
Won 		0-1 (Australia)
1-0 (Tonga)
1-0 (Samoa)
2004 South Africa Leinster Brian O'Driscoll Munster Eddie O'Sullivan Lost 0-2
2005 Japan Ulster David Humphreys Munster Niall O'Donovan Won 2-0
2006 New Zealand
& Australia 		Leinster Brian O'Driscoll Munster Eddie O'Sullivan Lost
Lost 		0-2 (New Zealand)
0-1 (Australia)
2007 Argentina Ulster Simon Best Munster Eddie O'Sullivan Lost 0-2
2008 New Zealand
& Australia 		Leinster Brian O'Driscoll Munster Michael Bradley Lost
Lost 		0-1 (New Zealand)
0-1 (Australia)
2009

Tour stats

Flag Nation or Nations From To Test Matches Tour Matches Total Record
P W D L P W D L P W D L % PF PA PD
Canada 1889 tour of Canada 12th October 6th November 11 10 - 1 11 10 - 1 90.91% 150 50 100
Chile
Argentina 		1952 tour of Chile and Argentina
Test Series[1]
Ireland 1–0 Argentina (1 Draw) 		1st August 3rd September 9 6 2 1 9 6 2 1 66.67% 126 43 83
South Africa 1961 tour of South Africa
Test Series
Ireland 0–1 South Africa 		13th May 24th May 1 - - 1 3 3 - - 4 3 - 1 75% 59 36 23
Australia 1967 tour of Australia
Test Series
Ireland 1–0 Australia 		1st May 20th May 1 1 - - 5 3 - 2 6 4 - 2 66.67% 119 80 39
Argentina 1971 tour of Argentina
Test Series[2]
Ireland 0–2 Argentina 		30th August 20th September 7 4 - 3 7 4 - 3 85.71% 73 57 16
New Zealand
Fiji 		1976 tour of New Zealand & Fiji
Test Series
Ireland 0–1 New Zealand
Ireland 1–0 Fiji (Tour Match) 		15th May 9th June 1 - - 1 7 5 - 2 8 5 - 3 57.14% 88 68 20
Australia 1979 tour of Australia
Test Series
Ireland 2–0 Australia 		20th May 16th June 2 2 - - 6 5 - 1 8 7 - 1 87.5% 184 75 109
South Africa 1981 tour of South Africa
Test Series
Ireland 0–2 South Africa 		16th May 6th June 2 - - 2 5 3 - 2 7 3 - 4 42.86% 207 90 117
Japan 1985 tour of Japan
Test Series[3]
Ireland 2–0 Japan 		19th May 2nd June 5 5 - - 5 5 - - 100% 201 66 135
Canada
United States 		1989 tour of North America
Test Series[4]
Ireland 1–0 Canada
Ireland 1–0 United States 		30th August 9th September 4 4 - - 4 4 - - 100% 135 52 83
Namibia 1991 tour of Namibia
Test Series
Ireland 0–2 Namibia 		17th June 27th June 2 - - 2 2 2 - - 4 2 - 2 50% 101 61 40
New Zealand 1992 tour of New Zealand
Test Series
Ireland 0–2 New Zealand 		16th May 6th June 2 - - 2 6 3 - 3 8 3 - 5 37.5% 153 287 -134
Australia 1994 tour of Australia
Test Series
Ireland 0–2 Australia 		18th May 11th June 2 - - 2 6 2 - 4 8 2 - 6 25% 177 254 -77
  1. ^ Ireland did not award caps for this series
  2. ^ Ireland did not award caps for this series
  3. ^ Ireland did not award caps for this series
  4. ^ Ireland did not award caps for this series
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