Contracts of Évian

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The Treaties of Évian ( Arabic اتفاقيات إيفيان, DMG Ittifāqiyyāt Īfiyān ; French Accords d'Évian ) were signed on March 18, 1962 in Évian-les-Bains ; with them the Algerian war ended . The signatories were France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (Front de Liberation Nationale, FLN). The treaties consist of a declaration of principle on the conditions of a ceasefire and independence of Algeria and six other agreements that specify the content of the agreement in principle on future cooperation between France and Algeria and the status of the French living in Algeria.

Content of the contract

The Treaty of Évian ended the Algerian war with the proclamation of an armistice from March 19, 1962, 12:00 noon; this ceasefire was only observed between the immediate contracting parties, while on the French side the OAS continued the violence and the Algerian side in particular persecuted the Harkis , Algerian assistants of the French army.

A referendum on the independence of Algeria should take place in the Algerian departments within three to six months of the conclusion of the contract. This took place on July 1, 1962, including the Algerians abroad, and resulted in a majority of over 99 percent for independence. Two days later, de Gaulle recognized the result of the referendum for France and thus the independence of Algeria, on July 5th Algeria declared its independence. The question of the independence referendum expressly included the approval of all other provisions of the Évian treaties.

A provisional executive was set up to organize the referendum and the transition period.

All persons who retained French citizenship with independence (French citizens of French or European descent, Algerian Jews and persons to whom the French state had granted general citizenship before independence) and who on independence day either

  • lived or lived in Algeria for 20 years
  • have lived in Algeria for 10 years and were either born in Algeria themselves or had at least one parent born in Algeria,

could exercise Algerian citizenship for three years while retaining French citizenship (while their French were dormant) and then apply for Algerian citizenship without any further conditions. They had various rights to be represented in political bodies and in public life, as well as to guarantee their property rights and their cultural identity.

People who had fled Algeria were assured of their return. For Algerians and French, there was a fundamental freedom of movement between France and Algeria. Algerians and French who wanted to move abroad from Algeria were expressly granted this right and their property was guaranteed.

Amnesty regulations were also agreed: prisoners had to be released on both sides within 20 days of the conclusion of the contract. All crimes committed or prosecutions initiated in the wake of the Algerian war and the struggle for independence up to the day of the armistice were subject to an amnesty, which included disciplinary punishments (the latter particularly affected members of the military and police who were accused of assault or torture). This amnesty was valid for expressions of opinion until the day of the independence referendum.

France pledged further technical and financial support to Algeria. To this end, extensive regulations for economic and monetary cooperation and free trade between the two countries were made. Existing search, extraction and transport rights for crude oil and natural gas as well as other minerals were retained for the northern Algerian departments. For the two départements of the Sahara, the regulations went even further, here French companies were also granted a preferential right to subsidy rights for the next six years. The further exploration of the natural resources in the Sahara was the responsibility of a joint Algerian-French agency.

The French military retained rights of use to bases and technical facilities in Algeria for a few years, in particular the naval and air force base Mers-el-Kébir for 15 years.

Attendees

Delegation of the National Liberation Front (FLN)

French delegation

Others

The right-wing Organization de l'armée secrète (OAS), which wanted to force the Algerian departments to remain with France, protested against the negotiations. It carried out a series of bomb attacks. The main victims were Algerians. The bombing of President General de Gaulle in Pont-sur-Seine on September 8, 1961 was unsuccessful, as was the assassination of Petit-Clamart with firearms on August 22, 1962.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Unless further individual references are given, the information on the contents of the contracts refer to the following source: No 7395. Échange des lettres et declarations adopted le 19 mars 1962 a l'issue des pourparlers d'Évian, constituant un accord entre la France et l'Algérie. Paris et Rocher Noir, 3 juillet 1962 / Exchange of letters and declarations adopted on 19 march 1962 at the close of the Evian talks, constituting an agreement between France and Algeria. Paris and Rocher Noir, July 3, 1962 . In: Treaties and international agreements registered or filed and recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations (=  United Nations Treaty Series . Volume 507 ). 1965, p. 25–99 (French, English, un.org [PDF; accessed December 18, 2017]).
  2. ↑ Décret no 62-305 du 19 mars 1962 portant règlement du référendum d'autodétermination dans les départements d'Alger, Batna, Bône, Constantine, Médéa, Mostaganem, Oasis, Oran, Orléans-ville, Saïda, Saoura, Sétif, Tiaret, Tizi-Ouzou, Tlemcen. (PDF) In: Journal officiel de la République française. March 20, 1962, p. 3034 , accessed December 18, 2017 (French).
  3. ↑ Proclamation des résultats du référendum d'autodétermination du 1er juillet 1962. (PDF) In: Journal officiel de l'État Algérien. July 6, 1962, p. 3 , accessed December 18, 2017 (French).
  4. ^ Declaration portant reconnaissance de l'indépendance de l'Algérie. (PDF) In: Journal officiel de la République française. July 3, 1962, p. 6483 , accessed December 18, 2017 (French).
  5. ↑ The exact question was Voulez vous que l'Algérie devienne un État indépendant coopérant avec la France dans les conditions définies par les déclarations du 19 mars 1962? (Would you like Algeria to become an independent state cooperating with France under the terms of the declarations of March 19, 1962?), Cf. Proclamation des résultats du référendum d'autodétermination du 1er juillet 1962. (PDF) In: Journal officiel de l'État Algérien. July 6, 1962, p. 3 , accessed December 18, 2017 (French).
  6. ↑ Qui a conservé la nationalité française à l'indépendance de l'Algérie? Consultat Général de France à Alger, October 13, 2016, accessed on December 18, 2017 (French).

literature

  • Stephen Adler: International Migration and Dependence. Saxon House, Farnborough 1977, ISBN 0-566-00202-7 .
  • Miloud Barkaoui: Kennedy and the Cold War imbroglio - the case of Algeria's independence. In: Arab Studies Quarterly. March 22, 1999. (online)
  • Hartmut Elsenhans : France's Algerian War 1954–1962. Attempt to decolonize a capitalist metropolis. To the collapse of the colonial empires . Hanser, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-446-11858-6 , (also: Berlin, Freie Univ., Diss., 1973).
  • Frantz Fanon : In the fifth year of the Algerian revolution. s. l., 1959, (Original title: L'an cinq de la révolution Algérienne )
  • Mohammed Harbi , Benjamin Stora (eds.): La guerre d'Algérie. 1954-2004. La fin de l'amnesie . Robert Laffont, Paris 2004, ISBN 2-221-10024-7 .
  • Guy Hennebelle, Mouny Berrah, Benjamin Stora: La Guerre d'Algérie à l'écran . (= CinémAction - Série cinéma. 85). Corlet et al. a., Condé-sur-Noireau 1997, ISBN 2-85480-909-2 .
  • Yasmina Khadra : Ce que le jour doit à la nuit . Julliard, Paris 2008, ISBN 978-2-260-01758-5 .
  • Bernhard Schmid: Colonial Algeria . Unrast-Verlag, Münster 2006, ISBN 3-89771-027-7 .

Web links

  • Déclaration générale des deux délégations 18 mars 1962, sur le site de la Président de la République algérienne. Text of the Treaties. (French, el-mouradia.dz ( Memento from February 11, 2019 in the Internet Archive ))