Jeddah Agreement

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There are two agreements of Jeddah , which are named after the city of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia .

First Jeddah Agreement

In 1927 Great Britain gave the area along the west coast of Arabia ("British Protectorate of Arabia") conquered by the Ottoman Empire in World War I to the Arab King Abd al-Aziz ibn Saud and guaranteed the independence of Arabia.

Further development

Only the northern border of Saudi Arabia was defined in the agreement, but not the borders of the country with its other neighbors. In the dispute over the province of Asir , which was occupied and annexed by Saudi Arabia in 1932 , the Saudi-Yemeni war broke out between Saudi Arabia and Yemen in 1934 . The defeated Yemen in the conflict agreed in the Taif Agreement to a provisional demarcation that was not defined east of the 45th east longitude and in the Red Sea . The armed forces of both countries patrolled areas of unclear nationality and so clashes occurred again and again.

Second Jeddah Agreement

In 2000 this simmering conflict came to an end. The agreement, under UN supervision, resolved the border disputes and was ratified in 2002.

  • Article 1) The Taif Agreement is declared valid and binding.
  • Article 2) The border is precisely defined along some coordinates up to Oman. Yemen will receive around 9,000 km² of uninhabited desert land, the only disputed city of Wuday'ah and all areas that are already accessible by Saudi roads will remain with Saudi Arabia. All the islands south of the Gaza'ir Farasan archipelago , which remains Saudi, become Yemeni.
  • Article 3) An independent, foreign company should erect boundary markings along the defined coordinates. On both sides of the border, a 5 km wide strip is being completely demilitarized. Only lightly armed patrols are permitted within areas up to 20 km from the border. Within this 2 × 20 km wide strip, nomads are allowed to travel "along traditional routes" including cattle, whereby both states have the right to restrict their weapons and vehicles, but not animals. Mineral resources may only be used and promoted jointly in this border region.

Effects

Hopes of building the historic Rasulid Kingdom of Yemen with an area roughly twice as large as it was repeatedly propagated until 1998 had to be given up. In return, Saudi Arabia ceded relatively large areas of its desert and smaller islands for the sake of peace. The agreement facilitates economic cooperation between the two states and ended the skirmishes that had lasted until 1998 in the disputed areas.

literature

  • Askar Halwan Al-Enazy; "The International Boundary Treaty" (Treaty of Jeddah) Concluded between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Yemeni Republic; American Journal of International Law, Vol. 96, No. 1 (Jan. 2002), pp. 161-173.

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