Pipton-on-Wye Agreement

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The Pipton-on-Wye Agreement of June 19, 1265 was an alliance between the Welsh prince Llywelyn ap Gruffydd and Simon de Montfort , leader of the aristocratic opposition that had taken over the government during the Second War of the Barons in England.

Starting position

Since 1258, numerous English barons rebelled against their King Henry III. , while the Welsh had been waging an open war against the Anglo-Norman Marcher Lords since November 1262, especially in Central Wales . From June 1263 the Welsh militarily supported the aristocratic opposition under Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester in the fight against the supporters of King Henry III. In May 1264, Montfort was able to defeat the king at the Battle of Lewes and take him prisoner, with which he again took over the government of England. However , armed resistance against his government continued, particularly in the Welsh Marches . To strengthen his alliance with the Welsh, Montfort confirmed the Welsh prince in January 1265 possession of the castles and lands that he had conquered in recent years in the fight against the Marcher Lords .

Conclusion of the agreement

When, in the summer of 1265, supporters of the king and the heir to the throne Lord Eduard set up a new army in the Welsh Marches to fight the government of the barons, Montfort tried to secure the support of the Welsh people through another alliance. On June 19, 1265, he concluded an agreement with Prince Llywelyn in Pipton , in which he made extensive concessions to the Welshman. Lord Llywelyn turned out to be a tough but realistic negotiating partner. He appeared with many of his Welsh allies in Pipton, a small town in Powys not far from the River Wye . Just by appearing in the small town not far from the border with England, he made it clear that he ruled large parts of the central Welsh Marches. His clear goal was to contractually secure the rule over large parts of Wales, which had been won over many years.

Montfort had to grant Llywelyn the title of Prince of Wales , with which he officially confirmed the supremacy of Llywelyn over the other Welsh lords. Once again, Montfort had to confirm that he owned the castles and lands that the Welsh had conquered in recent years. In addition, to secure the Welsh territory, he renounced a number of castles along the border with England, including Hawarden , Ellesmere , Whittington and Painscastle . In return, Llywelyn promised to pay him £ 20,000 within ten years.

consequences

Lord Llywelyn knew how endangered Montfort's position was. So he agreed that the treaty would be null and void if the king died or the barons' government were overthrown. This happened just six weeks later, when Montfort fell at the Battle of Evesham and the king was able to regain power. In the Treaty of Montgomery , however, the king could close 1267 with Prince Llywelyn, the king had to main content of the agreement of Pipton-on-Wye confirm.

literature

  • Ralph Alan Griffiths: Pipton-on-Wye, treaty of, 1265 . In: Robert Crowcroft, John Cannon (Eds.): The Oxford Companion to British History . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2015. ISBN 978-0-19-967783-2

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Rees R. Davies: The Age of Conquest. Wales 1063-1415 . Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford 1991. ISBN 0-19-820198-2 , p. 314