Acidobacteria

Acidobacteriales
Acidobacteriales
Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria) Department : Acidobacteria Class : Acidobacteria Order : Acidobacteriales
Scientific name of the  class
Acidobacteria
Cavalier-Smith 2002
Scientific name of the  order
Acidobacteriales
Cavalier-Smith 2002
species
Acidobacterium capsulatum Holophaga foetida Terriglobus roseus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum Bryobacter aggregatus Edaphobacter modestus Edaphobacter aggregans Acanthopleuribacter pedis Granulicella paludicola Granulicella pectinivorans Granulicella aggregans Granulicella rosea

The group of acidobacteria forms an independent phylum within the bacteria . So they are not related to the Proteobacteria , Firmicutes or other groups of bacteria.

The eponymous organism for this phylum, Acidobacterium capsulatum , was first isolated from acidic mine wastewater in Japan in 1991 (Latin acidus: “sour”) and its peculiarity in its phylogenetic position was recognized. Other types of bacteria, which are also counted among the acidobacteria , are Holophaga foetida , Geothrix fermentans , Terriglobus roseus , Granulicella paludicola , G. pectinivorans , G. aggregans , G. rosea , Edaphobacter modestus , E. aggregans , Acanthopleuribacter pedis and Chloracidobacterium thermophilum . In addition to these organisms, there are indications in the scientific literature that other isolates are present, but these have not yet been further described.

The previously small number of isolated representatives of acidobacteria under laboratory conditions contrasts with a large number of 16S rDNA sequences. In 2007, the public gene databases comprised over 3000 different acidobacterium sequences. The results of the first investigations into the phylogeny of the acidobacteria revealed four to five subgroups within the phylum. With an increasing number of sequences from the most diverse ecosystems, at least 26 subgroups are now assumed. Overall, the phylum in its phylogenetic variability is comparable to the phylum of the proteobacteria .

Occurrence

Acidobacteria have so far been detected in a large number of different ecosystems. In soils, they often make up the majority of the bacteria. In molecular biological studies of soils in Arizona, for example, the proportion of acidobacteria in the total bacterial population was 50% and in alpine soils around 40%. DNA fragments isolated from soil, water and sediment samples show that acidobacteria are widespread. Acidobacteria are therefore probably extremely diverse and play an important role in nature's microbial metabolism.

metabolism

The great phylogenetic variance of the acidobacteria, which is comparable to that of the proteobacteria, suggests an equally great variability in metabolism. So far, there are only a few acidobacteria in culture with a large number of data on metabolism, but these few data seem to confirm the assumed great variability of the acidobacteria. Acidobacterium capsulatum grows slowly and with low nutrient concentrations, it prefers oligotrophic conditions. Recent studies indicate that at least some acidobacteria can also live methylotrophically .

swell

1. ↑ N. Kishimoto, Y. Kosako, T. Tano. Acidobacterium capsulatum gen. Nov., Sp. nov .: an acidophilic chemoorganotrophic bacterium containing menaquinone from acidic mineral environment. Curr Microbiol 22: 1-7 (1991).
2. ↑ A. Hiraishi, N. Kishimoto, Y. Kosako, N. Wakao, T. Tano. Phylogenetic position of the menaquinone-containing acidophilic chemo-organotroph Acidobacterium capsulatum . FEMS Microbiol Lett 132: 91-94 (1995).
3. ^ F. Bak, K. Finster and F. Rotfuß. Formation of dimethylsulfide and methanethiol from methoxylated aromatic compounds and inorganic sulfide by newly isolated anaerobic bacteria. Arch Microbiol 157: 529-534 (1992)
4. ↑ J.D. Coates, D.J. Ellis, C.V. Gaw, and D.R. Lovley. Geothrix fermentans gen. Nov., Sp. nov., a novel Fe (III) -reducing bacterium from a hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 49: 1615-1622, 1999.
5. ↑ SA Eichorst, YES Breznak, TM Schmidt. Isolation and characterization of soil bacteria that define Terriglobus gen. Nov., In the phylum Acidobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 73: 2708-2717 (2007).
6. ↑ IS Kulichevskaya, NE Suzina, W. Liesack and SN Dedysh. Bryobacter aggregatus gen. Nov., Sp. nov., a peat-inhabiting, aerobic chemo-organotroph from subdivision 3 of the Acidobacteria . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60: 301-306 (2010)
7. ↑ IH Koch, F. Gich, PF Dunfield and J. Overmann. Edaphobacter modestus gen. Nov., Sp. nov., and Edaphobacter aggregans sp. nov., acidobacteria isolated from alpine and forest soils. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58: 1114-1122 (2008)
8. ↑ Y. Fukunaga, M. Kurahashi, K. Yanagi, A. Yokota and S. Harayama. Acanthopleuribacter pedis gen. Nov., Sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from a chiton, and description of Acanthopleuribacteraceae fam. nov., Acanthopleuribacterales ord. nov., Holophagaceae fam. nov., Holophagales ord. nov. and Holophagae classis nov. in the phylum 'Acidobacteria' . Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58: 2597-2601 (2008).
9. ^ DA Bryant, AMG Costas, JA Maresca, AGM Chew, CG Klatt, MM Bateson, LJ Tallon, J. Hostetler, WC Nelson, JF Heidelberg, and DM Ward. Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum : An aerobic phototrophic acidobacterium. Science, 317: 523-526 (2007).
10. ↑ CR Kuske, SM Barns, and JD Busch. Diverse uncultivated bacterial groups from soils of the arid southwestern United States that are present in many geographic regions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63: 3614-3621 (1997).
11. ^ W. Ludwig, SH Bauer, M. Bauer, I. Held, G. Kirchhof, R. Schulze, I. Huber, S. Spring, A. Hartmann, and KH Schleifer. Detection and in situ identification of representatives of a widely distributed new bacterial phylum. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 153: 181-190 (1997).
12. ^ P. Hugenholtz, BM Goebel, and NR Pace. Impact of culture-independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity. J. Bacteriol. 180: 4765-4774 (1998).
13. ↑ J. Zimmermann, JM Gonzalez, C. Saiz-Jimenez, and W. Ludwig. Detection and phylogenetic relationships of highly diverse uncultured acidobacterial communities in Altamira Cave using 23S rRNA sequence analysis. Geomicrobiol. J. 22: 379-388 (2005).
14. ↑ SM Barns, EC Cain, L. Sommerville, and CR Kuske. Acidobacteria phylum sequences in uranium-contaminated subsurface sediments greatly expand the known diversity within the phylum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 73 (9): 3113-3116 (2007).
15. ↑ P. Hugenholtz et al: Impact of Culture-Independent Studies on the Emerging Phylogenetic View of Bacterial Diversity. In: J. Bact. 180 (18), 4765-4774 (1998)
16. ^ J. Dunbar, SM Barns, LO Ticknor, and CR Kuske. Empirical and theoretical bacterial diversity in four Arizona soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 3035-3045 (2002).
17. ^ DA Lipson, and SK Schmidt. Seasonal changes in an alpine soil bacterial community in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 2867-2879 (2004).
18. ↑ S. Radajewski, P. Ineson, NR Parekh and J. Colin Murrell. Stable-isotope probing as a tool in microbial ecology. Nature 403: 646-649 (2000).