Dianoiology

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Dianoiology ( Greek dianoia "thinking", "the mind") is a term that describes a basic mind or a fundamental discipline assigned to it. In this sense, most of the subjects of a “Dianology” are today assigned either to epistemology or to logic .

In his “New Organon” published in 1764 (based on the fundamental disciplines presented in the so-called Organon of Aristotle ) Johann Heinrich Lambert divides the sciences into four basic disciplines: dianoiology, alethiology, semiotics , phenomenology .

"Dianology" denotes a prior science that presents the elements of truthful representations and discusses the rules of their orderly use (and thus "eliminates error and appearance"). Specifically, based on u. a. to Christian Wolff characterizes the basic laws and forms of thought. There are of types concept presented and their possible combinations to (science shaped parent) issues, judgments and conclusions.

The syllogistics is presented formally in the sense of a line calculus. Scientific knowledge is characterized by its systemic character : it integrates fragments of empirical , “historical” knowledge. The latter is further classified into three types of " experience ": "common experience", observation and experiment.

Alethiology follows this discipline . The basis of science (a structural whole of true knowledge) is the correctness of basic basic concepts, which is given exactly when these basic concepts are free of contradictions, what they are when they are simple (no further concepts are included). The truth of the " principles " formed by these then ensures that of the "doctrines" that can be derived from them .

One can roughly parallelise this status of dianoiology in the run-up to the assignment of truth values ​​and the systematic construction of scientific knowledge with the intermediate status of dianioa in Plato between mere opinion and true rational insight . (For Plato, Dianoia is the mind's ability to think, which, in contrast to the (divine) nous, only operates discursively and is only an image of the nous.)

This definition of dianology as a basic science can also be found in Wilhelm Traugott Krug .

Even Arthur Schopenhauer speaks of "Dianöologie" as the science of thinking - and this is different from the logic and metaphysics or the science of being ((according to the Kantian so-called "Copernican Revolution".) Ontology ). With this three-way division he separates - in contrast to Lambert and Krug - dianology (roughly: epistemology) and logic from one another. In doing so, he limits the validity of dianology to the time before Immanuel Kant ; until then, it essentially contained the results of René Descartes .

Also Johannes Nikolaus Tetens designated Dianologie the doctrine of the power of thought. For Otto Liebmann , too, the dianoiological laws are the logical laws of thought.

Since dianoia initially simply corresponds to the German “thinking”, there are numerous expressions that have the same root word as dianology. The so-called "dianoetic virtues", which Aristotle distinguishes from practical virtues, are known, analogous to his distinction between a rational and a non-rational striving faculty. Only Kant evidently distinguishes between discursive (dianoetic) and conclusive thinking (ratiocinatio).

literature

  • Johann Heinrich Lambert : New Organon or Thoughts on the Research and Designation of the True and its Differentiation from Error and Appearance , 1764, edited in: H.-W. Arndt: Lambert: Philosophische Schriften, 1965ff.
  • Johann Heinrich Lambert: Attachment to the architecture or theory of the simple and first in the philosophical and mathematical knowledge . 2 volumes. 1771.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Cf. G. Siegwart: Art. New Organon or Thoughts on the Research and Designation of the True and its distinction from error and appearance in: Lexicon of philosophical works .
  2. ↑ Cf. Art. Dianology in: Historical Dictionary of Philosophy and Siegwart, lc That the terms phenomenology , dianoiology and alethiology are "analog", as Heidegger in his introduction to phenomenological research , complete edition, vol. 17, p. 5 f., want is misleading.
  3. ↑ Cf. System der Theoretischen Philosophie, 1806, 16, cited above. n. Art. Dianology in: Historical dictionary of philosophy
  4. ↑ Works, ed. Hübscher, Vol. 5, 83f., Cited above. n. Art. Dianology in: Historical dictionary of philosophy
  5. ↑ Otto Liebmann: To the analysis of reality . 1876
  6. ^ Historical Dictionary of Philosophy , sv Thinking, Vol. 2, 73