Common good
Under a common pool ( English common-pool resource or common property resource ) is understood in economics goods whose use or only with disproportionate effort excludable and whose use rivalry exists between users.
The term is derived from the common land , a common form of cultivation. But commons are not necessarily commons. Elinor Ostrom received the Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize for Economics in 2009 for her analysis of economic activity in the field of commons and public goods .
Systematics of economics
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Degree of rivalry = 0 |
Degree of rivalry = 1 |
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|---|---|---|
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Degree of exclusion = 0 |
public good (e.g. dyke) |
Common good (e.g. overcrowded inner city street) |
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Degree of Exclusion = 1 |
Club good (e.g. pay TV) |
Private goods (e.g. ice cream) |
Common pool form with the public goods the commons (or general goods), which are characterized by the non-exclusivity. Alternative names for common goods are therefore also quasi-collective goods or impure public goods .
The phenomenon of overfishing is cited as a classic example of common goods . This means fish stocks in a body of water with free access, for which there are no property rights , and each fish can only be caught once. Another example would be: water that is channeled from the mountains into the valley for agriculture, which, however, cannot be used equally by all farmers. Roads that are simply public are also examples of commons.
The properties of excludability and rivalry are always context-dependent. For example, a German autobahn can be a public good at night if no car disturbs the other and during the day (during rush hour) it becomes a common good because there is little space on the street ( traffic jams may result ). It is emphasized that it is difficult, but not impossible, for common goods to exclude users. The use of the common good is by definition not exclusive, but not per se. The creation of usage rights (or other state regulation) would transform a common good into a club good .
The context can give rise to social dilemmas or, in particular, the tragedy of the commons , which essentially describes the problem of the overuse of freely available but limited resources.
See also
Web links
- Common resource - definition in the Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon
Individual evidence
- ^ Bowles, S. (2009). Microeconomics: behavior, institutions, and evolution. Princeton University Press. P. 129.
- ↑ Engelkamp, P., Sell, FL, & Sauer, B. (2017). Introduction to Economics (Vol. 3). Jumper. P. 515.
- ^ Wienert, H. (2008). Basics of Economics: Macroeconomics (Vol. 2). W. Kohlhammer Verlag. P. 92.
- ↑ Tomann, H. (2006). Economics: An Introduction to Economic Thinking. Springer publishing house. P. 179.
- ↑ Letzner, V. (2014). Tourism economics: economic aspects related to travel. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. P. 80.
- ^ Spremann, K. (2013). Economy and finance: Introduction to business administration and economics. Walter de Gruyter. P. 40.
- ↑ Dorn, D., Fischbach, R., & Letzner, V. (2012). Economics 2: Economics Theory and Policy. Walter de Gruyter. P. 185.
- ↑ Pouw, N. (2017). An Introduction to Gender and Wellbeing in Microeconomics. Routledge.