Alumbrados
The Alumbrados (also Iluminados or Illuminati , enlightened ones) were a mystical movement in Spain . They did not represent a uniform organized group, but appeared individually or in groups, for example in Toledo 1512–1532, in Llerena 1570–1582 and in Seville 1623.
The movement was rooted in the ecclesiastical reform efforts of this time, which often strived for a purer, more internal religion. It was initially promoted by Reformed Franciscans and other religious, but also adopted ideas from (sometimes heretical ) reform movements of the Middle Ages ( Beguines , Fratizelles ). A Reformation influence is uncertain.
The Alumbrados emphasized the aspect of the passive union of the human soul with God, which could also lead to ecstasies and visions . The name was first applied to the Franciscans Juan de Olmillos and Francisco de Osuna (approx. 1492–1540), the author of the work "Abecedario spiritual" (1528–1554). The alumbrados were often enthusiastically celebrated by the common people, and often persecuted by the Inquisition . At the beginning of his work, the Jesuit founder Ignatius von Loyola was also suspected of being Alumbrado. Also Santa Teresa was denounced as Alumbrada, wherein the Spanish Inquisition not further pursued the. The movement died out in the 17th century.
Of conspiracy theorists the Alumbrados be due to the same name as the Illuminati linked. However, there are no content-related relationships.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ignatius von Loyola: Report of the pilgrim . Wiesbaden: Marix, 2006. - ISBN 3-86-539075-7 . Number 58
literature
- Alastair Hamilton: Heresy and mysticism in sixteenth-century Spain: the Alumbrados . Clarke, Cambridge 1992, ISBN 0-227-67921-0
- Alvaro Huerga: Historia de los alumbrados (1570-1630). 5 vols. Fundación Universitaria Española, Madrid 1978–1994
- Henry Kamen: The Spanish inquisition. A historical revision . Yale University Press, New Haven / London 1997, ISBN 0-300-07522-7 , pp. 86-89, 128 f.