Arab winter

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Arab Winter ( English Arab Winter ) is a journalistic term for the increasing authoritarianism and Islamism after the protests of the Arab Spring in Arab countries. According to scientists from the University of Warsaw , the Arab Spring turned completely into winter four years after it began.

The Arab winter is marked by the outbreak of several regional civil wars , which promote regional instability, the economic and demographic decline of the Arab countries, and ethno-religious strife. According to a study by the American University of Beirut , the Arab winter resulted in nearly a quarter of a million deaths and millions of refugees by the summer of 2014.

designation

The term Arab or Islamic Winter encompasses events in several countries of the Arab League in the Middle East and North Africa, such as the civil war in Syria , the uprising in Iraq and the civil war that followed from 2014 and the crises in Egypt, Libya and Yemen . In Egypt , President Muhammed Morsi was overthrown in a campaign against the Muslim Brotherhood and replaced by General Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi . Political developments, in particular the renewal of authoritarianism and the suppression of civil liberties in Egypt since the military coup in July 2013, have been described as constituting a "military winter" that is contrary to the goals of the Arab Spring. Various Libyan militias and tribes took up the fight after negotiations failed. Lebanon and Bahrain have also been referred to as the locations of the Arab winter. Professor Sean Yom alleged this in the case of Libya and Syria . The conflict in northern Mali has often been referred to as part of the " Islamist winter". The political change in Tunisia , which led to a change of government, as well as a rebellion of IS were also interpreted as leading to an Arab winter.

According to scientists from the University of Warsaw, the Arab Spring turned completely into an Arab winter four years after it began. This opinion was also shared by Professor James Y. Simms Jr. in a newspaper comment in 2017. The situation in the Arab world has worsened, wrote the Economist in 2016.

Effects

Economic consequences

Destroyed buildings in Homs (2012)

According to the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, the cost was the turmoil in the Arab Winter estimated 800 billion US dollars . Around 16 million people in Syria, Egypt, Iraq , Jordan and Lebanon are in 2014 dependent on humanitarian aid.

According to the Economist , Malta “benefited” from the Arab winter as tourists who were otherwise in Egypt or Tunisia looked for a safer alternative.

Fatalities

According to a study by the American University of Beirut, almost a quarter of a million people died and millions had to flee due to the Arab winter by summer 2014.

In early 2017, George Will reported over 30,000 dead in Libya, 220,000 to 320,000 dead in Syria and four million refugees as a result of the Syrian civil war alone.

Migration crisis

The political turbulence and violence in the Middle East and North Africa led to a refugee crisis in Europe from 2015 . Among other things, internal displaced persons and refugees who were previously in Libya broke into the European Union . Attempts by Libyans and Tunisians to escape the violence by crossing the Mediterranean sparked fears among European politicians and parts of the population that the coasts of Europe would be “flooded”. The EU responded with legal provisions and coastal patrols.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Middle East review of 2012: the Arab Winter . In: The Telegraph . Retrieved July 19, 2014.
  2. ^ Analysis: Arab Winter is coming to Baghdad . In: The Telegraph . The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  3. ↑ Expert Warns of America's Coming 'Arab Winter' . CBN. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  4. ↑ The Arab Winter . In: The New Yorker . Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  5. ↑ Arab Spring or Arab Winter? . The New Yorker. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
  6. ↑ Yun Ru Phua: After Every Winter Comes Spring: Tunisia's Democratic Flowering . In: Berkeley Political Review . March 30, 2015 ( berkeley.edu ).
  7. ↑ Ahmed H. Adam, Ashley D Robinson: Will the Arab Winter spring again in Sudan? In: aljazeera.com. June 11, 2016. Retrieved April 11, 2017 .
  8. ^ A b Radoslaw Fiedler, Przemyslaw Osiewicz: Transformation processes in Egypt after 2011. The causes, their course and international response . Logos-Verlag, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-8325-4049-4 , p. 182 .
  9. ↑ From Egypt to Syria, this could be the start of the Arab Winter . In: The Conversation . April 17, 2014. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  10. ↑ Lassen Malmvig: Arab uprisings: regional implication. (PDF) IEMED, 2013, accessed on April 11, 2017 .
  11. ^ A b Displacement in the Middle East and North Africa - between the Arab Winter and the Arab Spring. (PDF) In: International Affairs. AUB, August 28, 2013, accessed September 16, 2019 .
  12. ↑ Fear and Faith in Paradise. Exploring Conflict and Religion in the Middle East . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4422-1479-8 , pp. 296 ( books.google.de ).
  13. ↑ Arab Winter . In: America Staging . Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  14. ^ Analysis: Arab Winter is coming to Baghdad . In: The Jerusalem Post . Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  15. ^ Egypt and Tunisia's new 'Arab winter' . In: Euro news . Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  16. ↑ Yemen's Arab winter . In: Middle East Eye . Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  17. ^ Egypt & Tunisia's new Arab winter. In: Euro news. February 8, 2013, accessed April 11, 2017 .
  18. ^ The Coup in Egypt: An Arab Winter? . In: The Nation . July 5, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
  19. ↑ In Egypt, Arab Spring Gives Way To Military Winter . In: The World Post . The Huffington Post. January 21, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2014.
  20. ^ Lecture Explores Past and Future Arab Spring . In: The Daily Gazette . October 10, 2014. Retrieved on October 19, 2014.
  21. ^ The role of Al-Qaeda in Mali. A lesson for Arab Spring future. October 23, 2012, accessed on April 11, 2017 : “In Mali AQ achieved to infiltrate and take over Tuareg insurgency. If AQ succeeds to keep the Arab Spring countries destabilized, this will lead to a viral reproduction of Azawad scenario. AQ is the 'Islamic Winter'. "
  22. ↑ a b Arab Spring to Arab Winter. A predictable debacle in the Middle East . In: Richmond Times-Dispatch . ( richmond.com ).
  23. ^ The Arab winter. In: The Economist. January 9, 2016, accessed April 11, 2017 .
  24. ↑ P. Rivlin: ( Page no longer available , search in web archives: Iqtisadi ) (PDF) Dayan Research Center January 2014.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.dayan.org
  25. ^ High Wall, Narrow Sea.
  26. ^ "Displacement in the Middle East and North Africa: Between an Arab Winter and the Arab Spring". aub.edu.lb