Stroke soprano

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Stroke soprano
Arcanator orostruthus.jpg

Stroke soprano ( Arcanator orostruthus )

Systematics
Order : Passerines (Passeriformes)
Subordination : Songbirds (passeri)
without rank: Passerida
Family : Sopranos (Modulatricidae)
Genre : Arcanator
Type : Stroke soprano
Scientific name of the  genus
Arcanator
Clancey & Irwin , 1986
Scientific name of the  species
Arcanator orostruthus
( Vincent , 1933)

The Strichelkehlsopranist ( Arcanator orostruthus ) earlier than Bülbultimalie or Namuli-Laubbülbül referred to is a species from the monotypic genus Arcanator within the family of soprano (Modulatricidae). It occurs in three subspecies in Mozambique and Tanzania .

description

The Bülbältimalie reaches a size of 17 to 19 centimeters. The nominate form Arcanator orostruthus orostruthus has a dark reddish-olive apex. The reins, the cheeks, the ear covers, the sides of the neck and the top are dark olive. The upper wing-coverts are reddish-brown with lighter fringes. The tail is chocolate-maroon. The chin, the region below the beard and the throat are light yellow with an indistinct, soft grayish-olive pattern. The chest and the flanks are slightly more yellowish with long, broad, soft-edged grayish-olive strands. The middle of the abdomen is light yellow with grayish-olive spots. The thighs and rump are light yellow in color. The iris is brown or reddish brown. The beak is black-brown with a light base on the lower jaw. The legs are pink gray. The sexes look the same. The underside of the young birds is more monochrome olive than yellowish. In the Arcanator orostruthus amani breed , the reddish tint on the hand and arm wings, on the rump and on the top of the head is missing. The tail is darker than that of the nominate form. The breed Arcanator orostruthus sanjei looks very similar to the subspecies Arcanator orostruthus amani . However, the tail is dark brownish-olive with a minimal chestnut tint and the chest is more spotted. The flanks are dark olive throughout and the beak has a wider base. The singing consists of a clear, flute-like whistled hooo ree but also of many other varied whistles and phrases, some of which sound very oriole-like.

distribution and habitat

The nominate form Arcanator orostruthus orostruthus is endemic to the forests on Monte Namuli in northern Mozambique . The subspecies Arcanator orostruthus amani occurs in the eastern Usambara Mountains in northern Tanzania , especially in the Amani Nature Reserve. The Arcanator orostruthus sanjei breed is known from the Udzungwa Mountains in southern Tanzania. The habitat is undisturbed, moist, dense, evergreen mountain forests, especially next to rivers at altitudes between 900 and 1800 m. On Monte Namuli it lives in the forests between 1500 and 1800 m altitude and in the Udzungwa Mountains it occurs between 1450 and 1720 m. The Bülbältimalia prefers areas with scattered tall herbs, but also places where the open forest floor with dense corridors is surrounded by shrubs, herbs and ginger.

food

The Bülbüllenimalie is territorial and only leaves its territory in the event of severe disturbances. She goes looking for food on the ground. The diet consists of invertebrates, especially insects, which it picks up from the leaves.

Reproduction

Not much is known about the breeding behavior of the Bulbältimalia. While observations of adult birds in their wedding dress are documented in early August in the eastern Usambara Mountains and in late March in the Udzungwa Mountains, young birds were only discovered in November. Between November and December, the adult birds in Mozambique are in the breeding moult.

status

Most of the forest on Monte Namuli is currently still intact. However, the lower slopes are already densely populated and cleared. A road that runs close to the summit is currently under construction and could lead to widespread exploitation of the region. In the Usambara Mountains, the forests inside and outside the protected areas are under enormous pressure from the ever-growing population, and many forest areas are already severely fragmented. Forests in several areas of the Udzungwa Mountains are increasingly being cleared for timber or agricultural land use. In Mozambique, two to three singing birds per hectare were recorded in the Ukalini forest and populations in the southern forests between Monte Namuli and Gurue. The subspecies sanjei occurs in seven forested regions on the steep slopes of the Udzungwa Mountains and was estimated to have a population of around 10,000 in 1990. The population of the subspecies amani in the eastern Usambara Mountains was estimated to be between several hundred and several thousand specimens in 1990 (depending on the degree to which the taxon is restricted to the Amani region). BirdLife International assumes a population of between 10,000 and 20,000 individuals and classifies the species as endangered ( vulnerable ).

Systematics

The phylogenetic relationships of the Bülbältimalia have long been unclear. In the first scientific description by Jack Vincent in 1933, the Bülbältimalia was still placed in the genus Phyllastrephus within the Bülbüls family . In 1964 Sidney Dillon Ripley classified the species in the new genus Modulatrix within the thrush family . 1986 Phillip Alexander Clancey and Michael Patrick Stuart Irwin placed the taxon in the monotypic genus Arcanator within the family of Timalia . However, recent molecular studies have shown that the Bülbüllenimalia is closely related to the Protea birds (Promeropidae). According to another study from 2008, the IOC transferred the Bülbältimalia to the Protea bird family in 2010. In 2015, the new Modulatricidae family was established for the monotypic genera Arcanator , Modulatrix and Kakamega . This classification was adopted in 2016 by the Handbook of the Birds of the World , BirdLife International, the IUCN, and the International Ornithological Congress.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Jack Vincent: New and little-known birds from East Africa. Bulletin of the British Ornithological Club 53 (367). Pp. 129-149. 1933.
  2. ↑ Sidney Dillon Ripley: Subfamily Turdinae, Thrushes. In: Mayr, E., Paynter Jr., RA (Eds.), Check-List of Birds of the World, vol. X. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts., 1964
  3. ^ MPS Irwin and PA Clancey. 1986. A new generic status for the Dappled Mountain Robin. Bulletin of British Ornithologist's Club 106: 111-115.
  4. ↑ a b P Beresford, FK Barker, PG Ryan, and TM Crowe: African endemics span the tree of songbirds (Passeri): molecular systematics of several evolutionary 'enigmas'. 2005.
  5. ↑ a b Barker, FK, GF Barrowclough, and JG Groth. 2002. A phylogenetic hypothesis for passerine birds; Taxonomic and biogeographic implications of an analysis of nuclear DNA sequence data. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 269: 295-308.
  6. ↑ a b Barker, FK, A. Cibois, P. Schikler, J. Feinstein, and J. Cracraft. 2004. Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: 11040-11045.
  7. ↑ Ulf S. Johansson, Jon Fjeldså , Rauri CK Bowie: Phylogenetic relationships within Passerida (Aves: Passeriformes): A review and a new molecular phylogeny based on three nuclear intron markers In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48 (2008) 858-876
  8. ^ IOC World Bird List
  9. ↑ Fjeldså, J., Ericson, PGP, Johansson, U. & Zuccon, D .: Three new bird family names. Pp. 33–34 in Winkler, DW, Billerman, SM & Lovette, IJ (2015). Bird Families of the World: An Invitation to the Spectacular Diversity of Birds. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona

literature

  • Josef Del Hoyo, Andrew Elliot & David Christie (Eds.): Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona 2007, ISBN 978-84-96553-42-2 .

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