Archiacanthocephala
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The Archiacanthocephala are a class of scratchworms with an obligatory change of host , which parasitize as full-grown intestinal parasites in terrestrial vertebrates, especially birds. There are around 150 medium-sized to large species with a body length of a few centimeters up to 70 centimeters in the case of the giant scraper ( Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus ), which lives in the intestines of pigs and can also attack humans as a false host .
features
The Archiacanthocephala are primarily defined by their size and their host range, which is limited to terrestrial vertebrates. They have a trunk from elongated to spherical shape and have no thorns on the trunk. The hooks on the trunk of all species are arranged in a spiral and have a species-specific number and shape. The proboscis sheath is located on the base of the proboscis, its wall can be one or two layers. As anatomical peculiarities, the main trunks of the epidermal lacunae system lie dorsally and ventrally, while in the representatives of the palaeacanthocephala they lie laterally, i.e. on the sides of the body.
The females have a dorsal and a ventral ligament sac in the pseudocoel , the walls of which do not dissolve, unlike those of the palaeacanthocephala. Protonephridia are only found in the particularly large species of the Oligacanthorhynchidae . Most males have eight cement glands and only a few cell nuclei in the syncytial ligament .
The eggs of the Archiacanthocephala are oval and have no bulges on the egg poles.
Way of life
The Archiacanthocephala are the only group within the scratchworms to have a complete terrestrial life cycle, so they are not dependent on intermediate aquatic hosts. The final hosts are mainly birds and mammals, with insects and Myriapoda as intermediate hosts . For example, the larvae of various scarab beetles , especially May , June or rose beetles, are the intermediate hosts of the giant scratcher.
Systematics
The Archiacanthocephala include a number of species in several orders and families:
supporting documents
Evidence cited
Most of the information in this article has been taken from the sources given under literature; the following sources are also cited:
- ↑ Systematics according to Encyclopedia of Parasitology 2008, Part 1, 120, doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-540-48996-2_258
literature
- Sievert Lorenzen: Acanthocephala, scratches in: Wilfried Westheide, Reinhard Rieger: Special Zoology. Part 1: Protozoa and invertebrates. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart and Jena 1996; Pages 723-728. ISBN 3-437-20515-3
- Article Acanthocephala in: Heinz Mehlhorn: Encyclopedic Reference of Parasitology. Biology, Structure, Function Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 2001; Pages 3-27. ISBN 3-540-66239-1
- Theodor Hiepe, Renate Buchwalder, Siegfried Nickel: Textbook of Parasitology. Volume 3: Veterinary Helminthology. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1985; Pages 393-394
