Arts and Crafts Movement

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Artichoke wallpaper by John Henry Dearle for William Morris & Co. circa 1897

The Arts and Crafts Movement was a British movement in the arts, and particularly product design , from the mid-19th century to around 1920.

history

The Arts and Crafts movement emerged in the mid-19th century and was largely initiated by William Morris , John Ruskin, and a group of painters, architects, and other artists. Ruskin explored the connection between art, society and work, while Morris put Ruskin's philosophy into practice, placing great emphasis on work, the joy of handcraft and the natural beauty of the material. In the age of machine production, they wanted a return to the craft. Other important representatives in addition to Morris were Walter Crane , Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo, Charles Voysey, Charles Robert Ashbee , Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Lethaby.

The first issue of a magazine about art appeared in April 1893 under the title: The Studio: An Illustrated Magazine of Fine and Applied Art . Charles Holme and Joseph Gleeson White were the driving force behind the publication of the magazine in 1893, and C. Lewis Hind also helped get it started. The title page of the first edition was designed by (the then unknown) Aubrey Beardsley . Their main concern was the reunification of arts and crafts with the aim of restoring the full value of the arts and crafts.

The Arts and Crafts movement had its heyday between 1870 and 1920; It had its local focus in Great Britain and the United States . Prominent representatives were the interior designer Charles Rennie Mackintosh , who designed a high-backed chair that is still widely produced today, and the writer and satirist Elbert Hubbard . The movement arose as a search for an authentic style for the 19th century. It was a reaction to the historicism of the Victorian era and to the “soulless” products of the burgeoning industry . Many of their representatives viewed "the machines" as the root of all evil. This resulted in a return to the qualities of the craft . In order to express the beauty that is supposedly inherent in the craft, the objects were given a rustic and robust appearance. The central characteristics of the Arts and Crafts movement - simplicity and serious handling of the material - influenced movements such as Art Nouveau , Vienna Secession , Wiener Werkstätte , Deutscher Werkbund and Bauhaus .

architecture

Morris' house in Kent, the Red House

William Morris paved the way for the architectural implementation of the ideals of the Arts and Crafts movement. His country estate Red House can be rated as the first independent building of this style. Contrary to the usual convention of the lavish Victorian facade and the representative square floor plan with historicizing representative rooms, the organization and appearance of the Red House followed the ideals of the Arts and Crafts movement. In the style of English rectories, a simple brick facade, red tile roof and white window frames were chosen. The floor plan followed a functional room organization that delimited the living area, utility wing and studio area and thus became more L-shaped. Despite the simple design, the components (roof, windows, doors, etc.) followed historical forms. The interior design was implemented without historicizing elements. The model for the furnishing objects was the nature and the shape of the regional, anonymous everyday objects, whereby great emphasis was placed on a high level of craftsmanship and good material. The design without representation and the orientation on the function are central points and pioneers for modern architecture. Like the principle of starting from the floor plan and not from the outside view. The appreciation of craftsmanship and materials in interior design demonstrates Morris's policy of not separating the fine and the applied arts. They are core principles of the Arts and Crafts movement.

literature

  • John Ruskin: The Seven Lamps of Architecture . London 1849 (German: The seven candlesticks of architecture)
  • John Ruskin: The Stones of Venice . London 1851 (German stones from Venice)
  • Hart, Imogen: On the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society . BRANCH: Britain, Representation and Nineteenth-Century History. Ed. Dino Franco Felluga.
  • Hildegard Kretschmer: The architecture of modernity . Reclam, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-15-010875-8 .
  • Louisa Theobald: Arts and Crafts, Nietzsche and the early bridge (Regensburger Studien zur Kunstgeschichte, 11, edited by Christoph Wagner ), Schnell & Steiner-Verlag, Regensburg 2011, ISBN 978-3-7954-2238-7 .
  • Art and Life, and the Building and Decoration of Cities: And the Building and Decoration of Cities . A Series of Lectures by Members of the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society, delivered at the 5th Exhibition of the Society in 1896. Rivington, Percival & Co. London 1897
    • William Morris died on the opening day of the 5th exhibition on October 3, 1896
  • Arts and crafts essays . By members of the Arts and Craft Exhibition Society. With a Preface by William Morris. Publisher: Rivington, Percival, & Co. London 1893. - Essays by : Morris, William: Textiles. - Crane, Walter: Of decorative painting and design. - Crane, Walter: Of wall papers. - Robinson, GT Fictiles. - Benson, WHAT: Metal work. - Clarke, Somer: Stone and wood carving. - Webb, Stephen: Furniture. - Clarke, Somer: Stained glass. - Clarke, Somer: Table glass. - Morris, William, and Walker, Emery: Printing. - Cobden-Sanderson TJ: Bookbinging — Brown - F. Madox: Of Mural Painting - Sumner, Heywood: Of Sgraffito Work - Robinson GT: Of Stucco and Gesso - Lethaby, WR: Of Cast Iron - Morris, William: Of Dyeing as an Art - Morris, May: Of Embroidery - Cole, Alan S .: Of Lace - Blomfield, Reginald: Of Book Illustration and Book Decoration - Day, Lewis F .: Of Designs and Working Drawings - Prior, Edward S .: Furniture and the Room - Ricardo, Halsey: Of the Room and Furniture - Blomfield, Reginald: The English Tradition - Lethaby, WR: Carpenters' Furniture - Pollen, JH: Of Decorative Furniture - Webb, Stephen: Of Carving - Jackson, TG: Intarsia and Inlaid Wood-Work - Webb, Stephen: Woods and other Materials - Turner, Mary E .: Of Modern Embroidery - Morris, May: of Materials - Morris May: Color - Cole, Alan S .: Stitches and Mechanism - Sedding, John D. : Design - Image, Selwyn: On Designing for the Art of Embroidery.

See also

Web links

Commons : Arts and Crafts Movement  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ The Arts & Crafts Movement in The Victoria & Albert Museum
  2. ^ "The Studio" - History
  3. The art magazine “The Studio” on the Internet online  ( page no longer available , search in web archivesInfo: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Issues 30, 36, 40, 56, 58, 67, 69, 72–82 are missing@1@ 2Template: dead link / archive.orgsearch.php  
  4. Arts and Crafts in the Kunstlexikon, accessed on May 28, 2011
  5. ^ History of the Arts & Crafts Society
  6. Hildegard Kretschmer: The architecture of modernity. Reclam, Stuttgart 2013, pp. 26-29