Eye dominance

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Ocular dominance (technical term ocular dominance of Latin oculus "eye" and dominus "lord") refers to the fact that the retinal image of an eye is a living being preferred over the retinal image of the other eye.

In binocular vision , the eyes are spatially positioned differently; this is how their retinal images differ; the retinas are thus hit by different rays of light. If the two retinal images are sufficiently similar (otherwise there will be binocular rivalry ), the brain combines them into a single image by "shifting" the visual information from the non-dominant eye to that of the dominant eye. This process is called fusion .

diagnosis

There are various methods of determining eye dominance. In many cases, the test person is asked to coordinate a closer object (for example his own thumb with an outstretched arm) and a distant object (for example a vertical line on a wall) (for example to position the thumb so that it lies on the line) to fixate the closer object. Now the test person is asked to alternately close their eyes. If she closes the non-dominant eye, the perceived position of the objects in relation to one another does not change, since binocular perception is already coordinated with the dominant eye. However, if the test subject closes the dominant eye, the position of the objects in relation to one another changes, since the visual information of the non-dominant eye can no longer be adapted to that of the dominant eye.

Eye dominance can vary in strength and is not necessarily based on which eye one sees better with. The right eye dominates in around two thirds of people. However, which eye dominates apparently also varies with the direction of gaze during the test; the decisive criterion is apparently on which of the two retinas the image of the observed object is larger. In people with Williams-Beuren syndrome , which is triggered by a genetic defect and can lead to ametropia among other things, the left eye appears to be more dominant than the right. It is possible that the left eye is more often dominant in migraine patients; the experimental findings are not yet conclusive here. In amblyopia , a permanent visual impairment of one eye caused by a developmental disorder in childhood, the more functional eye dominates. In the case of anisometrophic myopia , that is, when the visual acuity of the eyes differs (significantly), the more myopic eye dominates.

Effects

The dominant eye seems to play a predominant role in visual perception; For example, it is not only faster in search tasks, but also seems to suppress impressions provided by the subordinate eye.

Visual impairments in the dominant eye are perceived much more clearly than impairments in the subordinate eye. This influences the treatment methods of cataract surgery and refractive surgery as well as the adjustment of contact lenses : In order to achieve satisfactory results, the vision of the dominant eye must be restored as comprehensively as possible; Limitations in the subordinate eye, on the other hand, are more manageable.

If the dominant eye and dominant hand are on different sides of the body, this is called cross-dominance . Studies suggest that cross-dominance has positive effects on targeting, e.g. B. in target shooting and golf .

Left-sided and mutual eye dominance, along with left- sidedness, are generally suspected of causing or promoting learning difficulties.

When measuring eye movements with eye movement registration , the system must be specially calibrated to the dominant eye in order to deliver reliable results.

causes

The dominance of a cerebral hemisphere is assumed to be the cause of eye dominance, as is the case with right- or left-handedness . During the development phase of the vision arise in the visual cortex of the brain area called, are processed in the visual impressions, ocular dominance columns (English ocular dominance columns , ODC). These columnar networks of neurons, which can be seen as a strip-shaped pattern on the exposed brain, connect either to an axon of the right or left eye and extend over several layers of neurons. Normally the eye dominance columns are roughly evenly distributed over both eyes; However, if one eye becomes inoperable during the development phase, only the pillars of the other eye grow and take over the visual cortex. The formation of the eye dominance columns is presumably responsible for eye dominance, binocular vision and depth perception.

swell

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