Baohuanghui
|
保皇 會 / 保皇 会 Bǎohuánghuì Society for the protection of the emperor |
|
|---|---|
| Party leader |
Kang Youwei
|
| founding | July 20, 1899 in Victoria (British Columbia) |
| resolution | 1911 |
The Baohuanghui , Society for the Protection of the Emperor, was a political party with the aim of strengthening China through fundamental reforms and bringing the imprisoned “reform emperor” Guangxu back to power.
prehistory
The Manchurian domination of the Qing Dynasty ruled China since 1644. With the weakening of China by imperialist powers as a result of the Opium Wars led to the decline of China and the central government. Large parts of the country had already fallen to the other powers. An attempt to consolidate China again through a self- strengthening movement failed at the latest since the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, in which China had to cede Taiwan and parts of the remaining Manchuria a year later . The Emperor Guangxu , who came of age in 1898, was a young man who was strongly influenced by monarchist reformers around Kang Youwei and who eagerly sought to modernize the country. A coup by his aunt, Dowager Empress Cixi , and her favorite Yuan Shikai put an end to the " hundred-day reform ". With the imprisonment of the emperor and the arrest and execution of a number of reformers, all attempts at renewal were to be ended. However, Kang Youwei escaped arrest and execution by fleeing.
History of the party
The Baohuanghui was in 1899 at the Canadian Victoria founded by Kang Youwei. In its heyday, the association had groups in 150 cities around the world.
In 1900, the Baohuanghui, with domestic supporters, planned the armed Boxer Rebellion in China to take advantage of the chaos of the United Eight States marching on Beijing . However, the funds promised by the association were delayed. This resulted in some cells operating as originally planned, while others paused, so that the conspiracy could be discovered by the Qing authorities. Tang Caichang, the designated leader of the Hankou uprising , was executed by the Qing government. Some followers, such as Liang Qichao , later accused Kang of deliberately withholding funds because he disagreed with the more radical co-conspirators around Sun Yat-sen .
After the Qing Court sought peace with the foreign powers, it gave up its opposition to constitutional reforms. In 1906 the Qing government decided to establish a constitutional monarchy until 1911. Kang Youwei therefore declared that the goals of the association had been achieved, and in 1907 changed its name to "Diguo Xianzhenghui" (Constitutional Association of the Empire, 帝國 憲政 會 / 帝国 宪政会, Pinyin: Dìguó Xiànzhènghuì). In its new organization, the association consolidated its loyalty to the monarchy and stood out more clearly from the Republicans. In 1910 the association reorganized into the political party "Diguo Tongyidang", United Party of the Empire (帝國 統一 黨 / 帝国 统一 党, Pinyin: Dìguó tǒngyīdǎng), which was the first officially registered political party in China and later became "Xianyouhui" , Association of Friends of the Constitution (憲 友 會 / 宪 友 会, Pinyin: Xiànyǒuhuì) was renamed.
After the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 and the founding of the Republic of China in 1912, some members of the association formed new political parties that participated in elections to the Republican Parliament, while Kang himself campaigned for the restoration of the monarchy. Most of Xianyouhui organized in the "Minzhudang", the Democratic Party (民主黨 / 民主党, Pinyin: Mínzhǔdǎng), which in 1913 merged to form the "Jinbudang", progressive party (進步 黨 / 进步 党, Pinyin: Jìnbùdǎng).
literature
- Fukui, Haruhiro: Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific . Vol. 1. Greenwood Press, Westport / Connecticut-London, 1985
- Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry: Society to Protect the Emperor , In: Fukui, Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific, Vol. 1, pp. 251 ff.
Web links
- Victoria's Chinatown - Chinese Empire Reform Association
- An Association to Save China, the Baohuang Hui 保皇 會
- Baohuanghui Scholarship
- Chinese Empire Reform Association