United eight states

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Military powers with their war flags during the Boxer Rebellion .
From left to right: Italy, USA, France, Austria-Hungary, Japan, German Empire, United Kingdom, Russian Empire.
Japanese drawing around 1900
Photo of soldiers of the United Eight States, 1900.
Left to right: United Kingdom, United States, British Australia, British India, German Empire, France, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Japan

The United Eight States ( Chinese 八國聯軍 / 八国联军, Pinyin bāgúo liánjūn ) were an alliance of Italy , the USA , France , Austria-Hungary , Japan , the German Empire , the United Kingdom and Russia that waged war in the spring and summer of 1900 against the Chinese Empire .

In response to attacks by the Boxer movement against foreigners and Chinese Christians, a 2066-strong international expeditionary force under the command of British Admiral Sir Edward Hobart Seymour marched into Tianjin on June 10, 1900 to protect the embassies in Beijing. On June 26th, Seymour was defeated and withdrew to Tianjin. As a result, six European countries as well as the USA and Japan put together an expeditionary force for an intervention in China. They put down the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900 , not least to secure their own economic interests and trade bases. Neither China nor the foreign allies made a formal declaration of war . There was no treaty or formal agreement holding the alliance together. After the success of the invasion, the later phase turned into a punitive expedition .

After the conflict, the Chinese government was forced to sign the Boxer Protocol , which forced them to make extensive concessions to the colonial powers.

The following table provides an overview of the troops and naval units deployed in the United eight States . With 20,840 men, Japan provided the largest contingent of troops and 18 warships. The next largest contributors to troops were Russia and the United Kingdom. Britain provided 10,000 soldiers, many of whom were Indian troops made up of units from Baluch, Sikhs, Gurkhas, Rajputs and Punjabis. The Australian colonies also supported the British contingent. Most of the dispatched German troops arrived too late to be able to take part in the major actions.

Deployed troops and naval units
country Warships
(units) 		Marine
infantry 		Land
Forces
Naval Ensign of Japan.svg Japan 18th 540 20,300
Naval Jack of Russia.svg Russia 10 750 12,400
Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom, svg United Kingdom 8th 2,020 10,000
Civil and Naval Ensign of France.svg France 5 390 3.130
US flag 45 stars.svg United States 2 295 3.125
War Ensign of Germany (1892-1903) .svg German Empire 5 600 300
Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg Italy 2 80 2,500
Austria-Hungary-flag-1869-1914-naval-1786-1869-merchant.svg Austria-Hungary 4th 296 not known
total 54 4,971 51,755

literature

  • Richard Bassett: For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619-1918 . Yale University Press, 2015, ISBN 978-0-300-17858-6 .
  • Alejandro de Quesada, Chris Dale: Imperial German Colonial and Overseas Troops 1885-1918 . Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013, ISBN 978-1-78096-165-1 .
  • Edward J. Drea: Japan's Imperial Army: Its Rise and Fall, 1853-1945 . University Press of Kansas , Lawrence, Kansas 2009, ISBN 978-0-8032-1708-9 .
  • Hamish Ion: The Idea of ​​Naval Imperialism: The China Squadron and the Boxer Uprising . In: British Naval Strategy East of Suez, 1900-2000: Influences and Actions . Routledge, 2014, ISBN 978-1-135-76967-3 .
  • Thoralf Klein: The Boxer War-the Boxer Uprising . In: Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence . 2008.
  • Shirley Ann Smith: Imperial Designs: Italians in China 1900–1947 , illustrated. Edition, Lexington Books, 2012, ISBN 978-1-61147-502-9 .
  • Lawrence Sondhaus: The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867-1918: Navalism, Industrial Development, and the Politics of Dualism . Purdue University Press, 1994, ISBN 1-55753-034-3 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Robert B. Edgerton (1997). Warriors of the rising sun: a history of the Japanese military. WW Norton & Company. p. 80. ISBN 0-393-04085-2.
  2. ^ Ananth Krishnan: The forgotten history of British India troops in China . In: The Hindu , July 8, 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2013. 
  3. ↑ Harold E. Raugh: The Victorians at War, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History . ABC-CLIO, 2004, ISBN 978-1-57607-925-6 , p. 177 (accessed January 22, 2013).
  4. ↑ Eckard Michels : The "East Asian Expeditionary Corps" of the German Empire in China 1900/01. In: Tanja Bührer, Christian Stachelbeck, Dierk Walter (eds.): Imperial wars from 1500 to today. Structures, actors, learning processes. Paderborn et al. 2011, ISBN 978-3-506-77337-1 , pp. 401-418.

Web links

Commons : United eight states  - collection of pictures, videos, and audio files