Barocchetto

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Barocchetto is the name of a Roman architectural movement that developed in the 1910s and 1920s and was particularly reflected in the two Roman garden city projects Città Giardino Aniene and Garbatella .

origin

The Roman architectural trend of the barocchetto is decisively shaped by the ambientismo , which promotes a preserved old town renewal in Italian urban planning . This urban planning approach, formulated primarily by the Roman architect and building historian Gustavo Giovannoni , was intended to mitigate the effects of major changes in urban planning, especially in the Italian cities characterized by a rich rural heritage. Through the garden city projects in Rome, shaped by Giovannoni, the Ambientismo influences the development of the Barocchetto into an architectural language that is “reflected and historically informed” urban planning based on the location. Because of this interaction, the urban planning concept of Ambientismo and the architectural language of the Barocchetto can be seen as complementary.

characterization

In the course of the architectural reorientation that began to take place in Italian architecture after the First World War, the barocchetto emerged from the diverse design and craft traditions that are still lively in the capital. The immediate occasion is provided by Giovannoni's garden city projects on Monte Sacro (Città Giardino Aniene) and in Garbatella , for which a specifically Roman architectural language is being developed that draws from the multitude of anonymous residential architecture in the city. The ability to offer the future residents recognizable and familiar structures is also important. The associated appropriation of certain areas of folk culture should give the new buildings an identity-creating quality. The Barocchetto thus includes, on the one hand, the refreshment of a decorative architectural language, which is very present in Rome, and, on the other hand, an architectural expression that deliberately serves to mediate, which seeks to tame the outflows of eclecticism and historicism by using the simplified geometries of the Roman high baroque . With the persistence and revival of traditional building techniques, modern building techniques and materials tend to be excluded. The conceptual proximity to the baroque is derived from the examples of an “edilizia minore romana sei e settecentesca”.

Housing development in the Garbatella.

Architectural-historical classification

With regard to the Barocchetto, Paolo Marconi speaks of a “vernacolo colto”, which he contrasts with the “vernacolo rusticano” of rural architecture. It becomes clear that it is also an adaptation of anonymous rural architecture, which is intended to create a cityscape that is familiar in both directions at the transition from the city to the Roman campagna . According to Giorgio Ciucci , the Barocchetto takes up different facets of Roman architectural history as well as reminiscences of popular architecture. It resembles a mimetic recourse to forms and structures that are linked to a traditional image of historical Rome and its traditions. It is therefore an architectural language that can give simple and mass-built buildings architectural dignity and at the same time satisfy the longing for an Arcadian Rome. Formally, the Barocchetto expresses itself in the new conception of traditional design elements such as architraves, cornices, arches, gables, niches, clam shells, obelisks, etc. and the combination of brick, travertine and plaster as cladding materials as well as the preference for meticulous details and the emphasis on craftsmanship .

literature

  • Gianni Accasto et al. a .: L'architettura di Roma capitale, 1870–1970. Rome 1971, pp. 361 and 371-373.
  • Fabrizio Brunetti: Architetti e fascismo. Florence 1993, p. 65.
  • Alfredo Carlomagno and Giuseppe Saponaro (eds.): Mario De Renzi. Rome 1999.
  • Giorgio Ciucci: Gli architetti e il fascismo. Architettura e città 1922–1944. Turin 2005 2 (1989), pp. 85-92.
  • Carmen Maria Enss: Ambience - Theodor Fischers and Gustavo Giovannonis early appropriations of the old city for the modern city after 1890. In: Uwe Altrock, Sandra Huning (ed.): The beautiful city. Terms and debates, theory and practice in town planning and architecture. Berlin 2017 (Planungsrundschau series, issue 24), pp. 143–169.
  • Luigi Monzo: Croci e fasci. Italian church construction in the time of fascism 1919–1945. Karlsruhe 2017, pp. 122–125.
  • Giorgio Muratore (ed.): Cantieri romani del Novecento, maestranze, materiali, imprese, architetti, nei primi anni del cemento armato. Rome 1995.
  • Giorgio Muratore: Edilizia e architetti a Roma negli anni venti. In: Ciucci / Muratore 2004, pp. 74-99, especially pp. 84-88.
  • Klaus Portable: "Romanità", "italianità", "ambientismo". Continuity and recollection in Italian modernism. In: Koldewey-Gesellschaft eV (Ed.): Report on the 42nd conference for excavation science and building research. Bonn 2004, pp. 72-83.
  • Klaus Tragbar: The discovery of the ambiente. Gustavo Giovannoni and its European context. In: Carmen M. Enss and Gerhard Vincken (Eds.): Product Old Town. Historic city centers in urban development and monument preservation. Bielefeld 2016, pp. 29–43.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Klaus Tragbar: The discovery of the ambiente Gustavo Giovannoni and its European context . In: Carmen M. Enss and Gerhard Vincken (eds.): Product Old Town: Historic city centers in urban development and monument preservation . transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2016, ISBN 978-3-8394-3537-3 , doi : 10.14361 / 9783839435373-002 .
  2. ↑ Carmen Maria Enss: Ambiente - Theodor Fischer and Gustavo Giovannonis early inclinations of the old city for the modern city after 1890 . In: Uwe Altrock and Sandra Huning (eds.): The beautiful city. Terms and debates, theory and practice in town planning and architecture . Berlin 2017, p. 143-169 .
  3. ↑ Luigi Monzo: croci e fasci: The Italian church building in the time of fascism, 1919-1945 . 2017, p. 124–125 , doi : 10.5445 / ir / 1000071873 ( kit.edu [accessed July 22, 2018]).
  4. ↑ Gianni Accasto: L 'architettura di Roma capitale, 1870-1970 . Rome 1971, p. 371 .
  5. ↑ Giuseppe Saponaro: Cenni biografici . In: Alfredo Carlomagno and Giuseppe Saponaro (eds.): Mario De Renzi . Rome 1999, p. 17–22, especially p. 17 (German: “minor Roman architecture of the 16th and 17th centuries”).
  6. ^ Paolo Marconi: Il regionalismo italiano degli anni '20 e '30 e la borgata giardino 'La Garbatella' a Roma . In: Luigi Prisco (ed.): Architettura moderna a Roma e nel Lazio, 1920–1940: conoscenza e tutela . Rome 1996, p. 43–49, especially p. 43 (German: “cultivated dialect”, “rural dialect”).
  7. ^ Giorgio Ciucci: Gli architetti e il fascismo. Architettura e città 1922–1944 . 2nd Edition. Turin 2005, p. 85-86 .