Bartholomew Hospital

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The St. Bartholomew Church with adjoining hospital buildings

The Bartholomäus Hospital was a hospital in Dresden . In addition to the Maternihospital and the Jacobshospital , it was one of the three large hospitals of the Middle Ages in Dresden. With the St. Bartholomew Church it had its own house of worship and its own cemetery. The hospital and church were demolished in 1839.

Surname

The Bartholomäus Hospital originally had no name, so a large number of names have been handed down. Initially, the hospital was called Sundersiechen , Hospital for the Sinner Siechen or Garden with the Infirmaries , according to its function . It was not until the 15th century that the name of the St. Bartholomew Church belonging to the hospital, which was named after St. Bartholomew , was also transferred to the hospital. It was not until the 17th century that the term Geist for hospital and church was popularly used . Possibly this designation went back to a superstition according to which the spirit of Auxiliary Bishop Niclas von Meissen, who was buried in the church, should circulate at night.

history

The Bartholomäus Hospital was founded as a so-called Leprosorium, i.e. a hospital for lepers. Bartholomew is the patron against skin diseases because it on the orders of Astyages , brother of the Armenian ruler Polimio , flayed had been. In 1238 the apostle's cranium was brought to the Imperial Cathedral of St. Bartholomew in Frankfurt am Main by Emperor Friedrich II , which was then named after him. Subsequently, the Bartholomäus patronage spread more frequently in the area of ​​the Holy Roman Empire . A relic of Bartholomew , which has since been lost, also came to Dresden , because water supposedly gushed against leprosy in front of the Wilsdruffer Gate . With the flourishing of the cities in the 12th century and the general population growth into the 13th century, the number of lepers increased. In addition, the narrowness of the cities and the often poor hygienic conditions encouraged the spread of infectious diseases.

According to legend, the establishment of the hospital goes back to Auxiliary Bishop Niclas zu Costnitz, who was consecrated bishop for a time to Bishop Nicolai the First of Meißen . The spring, the water of which is said to be able to heal lepers, originated not far from the village of Poppitz . The spring water was collected in a well on the (later) site of the St. Bartholomew Church and is said to have cured Niclas zu Costnitz from leprosy. In gratitude, he is said to have donated the hospital with church and cemetery. There is evidence that he ordered to be buried in the chapel and found his final resting place here in 1391.

Historian Carl August Espe points out that the hospital and church must have existed before Niclas, even if there are no concrete indications of a foundation or the building. In a document that historians dated to the late 13th or early 14th century, the Dresden City Council stipulated that lepers and lepers should be housed in special houses. The St. Bartholomew's Hospital was possibly first mentioned in a document from 1334, in which a "Jacobus capellanus apud leprosas dominas justa Dresden" is mentioned as a witness in a dispute. Further documented mentions of the hospital come from the year 1337. Otto Richter put the construction period in the middle to the end of the 13th century; the construction was also initiated by the Dresden Council.

The Bartholomäus Hospital was located on a former cattle pasture outside the city in front of the Wilsdruffer Tor on a trunk road coming from the west. It had a living and sleeping quarters for the sick and other rooms for the dying. There were also apartments for the servants, a farm building, barns, stables, sheds, a kitchen building, a bakery and a wooden bathhouse. In the area there was also a garden with a fountain and the St. Bartholomew Church with a cemetery. The area was surrounded by a wall. Several times the hospital buildings were demolished and rebuilt because they were in disrepair or as a result of the war.

The hospital was under the administration of the Dresden City Council. As a rule, the hospital master belonged to the council and was appointed and introduced to the office by it. The nurses for the sick were “poor old women who, next to the clergy, were the only ones who knew about healing herbs”. They were rewarded for this with food, accommodation and alms, the latter being collected as donations by the hospital from the citizens of the city. In the 19th century, the saying “We want to send the food to the Spittel” was still used. The hospital was financed only to a small extent by income from land. It lent money on a small scale against interest and also received money through donations, indulgences, but also through the sale of natural produce.

The function of the hospital changed over time. With the decline of leprosy until the middle of the 15th century, the hospital also accepted women and men for general treatment against payment. It also served as a hospital for poor people with protracted illnesses who did not have to pay any money for treatment. On average, 15 people have been accommodated in the hospital since the end of the 15th century. At the beginning of the 19th century, the hospital had become a place “where some poor elderly women spend the rest of their lives in peace”.

As early as 1831, the construction of a new hospital and church on the site of the Bartholomäus Hospital was planned. In the course of the construction of Freiberger Platz , the church and hospital including the infirmary were demolished from 1838 to 1839. Apartment houses were then built on the site.

literature

  • Alexandra-Kathrin Stanislaw-Kemenah: The Bartholomaei Hospital . In: Alexandra-Kathrin Stanislaw-Kemenah: Hospitals in Dresden. On the change of an institution (13th to 16th centuries) . Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2008, pp. 154–210. ( limited preview in Google Book search)
  • Alexandra-Kathrin Stanislaw-Kemenah: The Bartholomäispital . In: Karlheinz Blaschke (Hrsg.): History of the city of Dresden. Volume 1: From the beginning to the end of the Thirty Years War . Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, pp. 210-212.
  • Carl August Espe: About the Spirit or the Hospital and the Church of St. Bartholomew of Dresden . In: PG Hilscher (ed.): The collector for history and antiquity, for art and nature in the Elbthale , Volume 1, No. 7, Grimmer, Dresden 1837, pp. 97-105.
  • Johann Christian Hasche: The Bartholomäus Chapel or the Spirit . In: Johann Christian Hasche: Complicated description of Dresden with all its external and internal peculiarities . Schwickert, Leipzig 1781, pp. 706-711.
  • Anton Weck : The third church with the same shape as the last imagined gate is the chapel of S. Bartholomaei . In: The Chur-Princely Saxon resident and main vestibule Dresden description and presentation . Froberger, Nuremberg 1680, pp. 271-272.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Anton Weck: The third church with the same shape as the last thought gate is the chapel of S. Bartholomaei . In: The Chur-Princely Saxon resident and main vestibule Dresden description and presentation . Froberger, Nuremberg 1680, p. 271.
  2. ^ Carola Schauer: Death and Burial in Dresden. Part 1 . In: Stadtmuseum Dresden (ed.): Dresdner Geschichtsbuch No. 15. DZA, Altenburg 2010, p. 27.
  3. ↑ Carl August Espe: About the Spirit or the Hospital and the Church of St. Bartholomew of Dresden . In: PG Hilscher (Ed.): The collector for history and antiquity, for art and nature in the Elbthale . Volume 1, No. 7. Grimmer, Dresden 1837, p. 98.
  4. ↑ Carl August Espe: About the Spirit or the Hospital and the Church of St. Bartholomew of Dresden . In: PG Hilscher (Ed.): The collector for history and antiquity, for art and nature in the Elbthale . Volume 1, No. 7. Grimmer, Dresden 1837, p. 99.
  5. ↑ Kathrin Apel: Caritas and memoria. The hospital system of the city of Kassel in the late Middle Ages. (pdf; 443 kB) 2006, p. 43 , accessed on October 19, 2012 .
  6. ↑ Johann Christian Hasche: The Bartholomäuskapelle or the spirit . In: Johann Christian Hasche: Complicated description of Dresden with all its external and internal peculiarities . Schwickert, Leipzig 1781, p. 707; Carl August Espe: About the Spirit or the Hospital and the Church of St. Bartholomew of Dresden . In: PG Hilscher (Ed.): The collector for history and antiquity, for art and nature in the Elbthale . Volume 1, No. 7. Grimmer, Dresden 1837, p. 99.
  7. ↑ Alexandra-Kathrin Stanislaw-Kemenah: The Bartholomaeihospital . In: Alexandra-Kathrin Stanislaw-Kemenah: Hospitals in Dresden. On the change of an institution (13th to 16th centuries) . Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2008, p. 154.
  8. ↑ Cf. Anton Weck: The third church with the same shape as the last thought gate is the chapel of S. Bartholomaei . In: The Chur-Princely Saxon resident and main vestibule Dresden description and presentation . Froberger, Nuremberg 1680, p. 387; Carl August Espe: About the Spirit or the Hospital and the Church of St. Bartholomew of Dresden . In: PG Hilscher (Ed.): The collector for history and antiquity, for art and nature in the Elbthale . Volume 1, No. 7. Grimmer, Dresden 1837, p. 99.
  9. ↑ Johann Christian Hasche: The Bartholomäuskapelle or the spirit . In: Johann Christian Hasche: Complicated description of Dresden with all its external and internal peculiarities . Schwickert, Leipzig 1781, p. 707; Carl August Espe: About the Spirit or the Hospital and the Church of St. Bartholomew of Dresden . In: PG Hilscher (Ed.): The collector for history and antiquity, for art and nature in the Elbthale . Volume 1, No. 7. Grimmer, Dresden 1837, p. 99.
  10. ^ Nursing In: Council of the City of Dresden (ed.), Otto Richter: Constitutional and administrative history of the city of Dresden . Volume 2. Baensch, Dresden 1891, p. 191.
  11. ↑ Alexandra-Kathrin Stanislaw-Kemenah: The Bartholomaeihospital . In: Alexandra-Kathrin Stanislaw-Kemenah: Hospitals in Dresden. On the change of an institution (13th to 16th centuries) . Universitätsverlag, Leipzig 2008, pp. 159–160.
  12. ^ A b c Carl August Espe: About the Spirit or the Hospital and the Church of the h. Bartholomew of Dresden . In: PG Hilscher (Ed.): The collector for history and antiquity, for art and nature in the Elbthale . Volume 1, No. 7. Grimmer, Dresden 1837, p. 100.
  13. ↑ Alexandra-Kathrin Stanislaw-Kemenah: The Bartholomäispital . In: Karlheinz Blaschke (Hrsg.): History of the city of Dresden. Volume 1: From the beginning to the end of the Thirty Years War . Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, p. 212.
  14. ↑ Alexandra-Kathrin Stanislaw-Kemenah: The Bartholomäispital . In: Karlheinz Blaschke (Hrsg.): History of the city of Dresden. Volume 1: From the beginning to the end of the Thirty Years War . Theiss, Stuttgart 2005, p. 211.
  15. ↑ Carl August Espe: About the Spirit or the Hospital and the Church of St. Bartholomew of Dresden . In: PG Hilscher (Ed.): The collector for history and antiquity, for art and nature in the Elbthale . Volume 1, No. 7. Grimmer, Dresden 1837, pp. 97-98.