Skin
The skinning , also hides or Flay called, was one of the ancient to the modern era practiced method of execution , of an extremely painful torture precedes. Here, a man with a knife was the skin of the body withdrawn. The skinning or tearing off the scalp ( scalping ) is considered a triumph over the opponent and an individual trophy in many cultures until modern times .
consequences
It will likely take a good hour to completely skin a human. Skinning is extremely painful, so the victim may faint repeatedly and startle again because of the pain. The skinned victim often dies slowly in hours or days of shock , blood and fluid loss , hypothermia and infections .
history
Old Orient
Assyrian Empire
In the ancient Orient , shindling ( kašu ) was used as a punishment. Staking and dragging of rebels is first recorded under Aššur-bel-kala . The Assyrian ruler Shalmaneser III. had the skin of the insurgent Ilubiʾdi of Hamath peeled off alive: "his skin [was] dyed red as wool" (iṣrupu nabāsiš) . Ilubiʾdi's fluff is depicted in room VIII (plate 25) in Nimrud . A similar formulation can be found in the Moussaieff fragment for the execution of King Aššur-leʾi of Karalla on the orders of Sargon : "The destroyer of the land of Karalla, who made the skin of the head of the city turn red like an illuru plant". Sargon also had Bagdatti stolen from Uišdiš and Jahu-Biʾdi , king of Hamath. The mutilated body was put on public display, probably to deter potential rebels.
"I peeled off the skin of the king of Katmuḫḫi in Arbela and hung it over the city wall of Arbela."
Persian Empire
Skinning is also reported for the Persian Empire : According to Herodotus (Historien, Book V), Cambyses II had the judge Sisamnes peeled off the skin for corruption .
Roman Empire
The apostle Bartholomäus is said to have suffered his martyrdom by being flayed.
According to the Christian historians Laktanz and Agathias , the Persian King Shapur I had the captured Roman Emperor Valerian flayed, his skin colored red ( infecta rubro colore ) and hung in a temple. The truth of this message, based on Laktanz 'biography, is doubtful, however, since he wrote with propaganda intentions.
Modern times
Aztec Empire
Among the Aztecs in Central America , skinning from the cult of the vegetation god Xipe Totec is documented as a human sacrifice .
Thirty Years' War
The coat of arms of the city of Kronach showed two men as shield holders who carried their peeled skin over their arm. They are reminiscent of Kronach citizens from the time of the Thirty Years' War , who during a failure made cannons of the besieging Swedes unusable and were captured and tortured by them in the process.
Territory of Yugoslavia in World War II
After the defeat by the National Socialists and the occupation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945, Croatian Ustaša and Serbian Chetniks were molted during World War II . In several cases, the Chetniks skinned Catholic and Muslim clergy and Croatian civilians. B. at the massacre in Zabiokovlje . In the Independent State of Croatia , the Ustaša sometimes also used skinning as a method of executing and mutilating their victims, including Serbian civilians and Serbian Orthodox clergy, e . B. in the Jasenovac concentration camp .
In mythology
In a tale of Greek mythology , the satyr Marsyas was battered by the god Apollo after he lost a competition to him. The portrayal of the battered Marsyas is often associated with acquiring city rights. Herodotus (Historien 7, 26): reports: “ The skin of the satyr Marsyas also hangs in the city of Kelainai . According to the legend, the Phrygians took Apollo from Marsyas and hung it here. "
In art
Haruki Murakami describes the skinning of a Japanese soldier by Mongols during the Second World War in the novel Mister Aufzugvogel .
literature
- Ernst G. Jung: A short cultural history of the skin . Springer Science & Business Media, 2007, ISBN 978-3-7985-1757-8 , Vom Schinden, p. 54-71 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Jung 2007, p. 55.
- ↑ Jung 2007, p. 69.
- ^ Seth Richardson, Death and Dismemberment in Mesopotamia: Discorporation between the Body and the Body Politic. In: Nicola Laneri (Ed.), Performing Death, Chicago 2007, 197
- ^ Kathleen Abraham / Jacob Klein, A new Sargon II Cylinder Fragment from an unknown Provenance. Journal of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology 9/2, 2007, 255
- ↑ a b c Cf. Erica Reiner: The reddling of Valerian . In: The Classical Quarterly 56, pp. 325-329
- ↑ Laktanz: De mortibus persecutorum - The ways of death of the persecutors . Latin / German, translated and introduced by Alfons Städele, Brepols, Turnhout 2003 (Fontes Christiani 43), ISBN 2-503-52108-8 ; here section 5.6.
- ↑ Ivo Omrčanin: Croatian priest murdered by Tschetniken and communists . Munich 1959, p. 12 .
- ^ Martyrdom Croatiae . Staderini, Rome 1946, p. 10 .
- ↑ Thomas Casagrande: The Volksdeutsche SS Division "Prinz Eugen" . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt 2003, ISBN 3-593-37234-7 , pp. 313 .
- ^ Richard West: Tito: And the Rise and Fall of Yugoslavia . Carroll & Graf, New York 1995, ISBN 978-0-7867-0191-9 .
- ^ Anthony Rhodes: The Vatican in the age of the dictators, 1922-1945 . Rinehart and Winston, New York 1974, ISBN 978-0-03-007736-4 , pp. 328 .
- ↑ Jasenovac Research Institute - What was Jasenovac? Retrieved May 17, 2017 .
- ↑ James Ciment: World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era . 2nd Edition. Taylor and Francis, Hoboken 2015, ISBN 978-0-7867-0191-9 , pp. 137 .
- ^ Robert McCormick: Croatia Under Ante Pavelic: America, the Ustase and Croatian Genocide . IB Tauris & Co Ltd, New York 2014, ISBN 978-1-60477-782-6 , pp. 78 .