Biogeosphere
The biogeosphere is an underused term from landscape ecology and geobotany with four different meanings. What all four terms have in common is that they each designate a globe with a more or less broad, ecological term. In terms of content, the biogeosphere terms range from synonyms for physiosphere to synonyms for ecosphere .
Variants of biogeosphere are bio-geosphere , geobiosphere , geo-biosphere , biosphere-geosphere and geosphere-biosphere .
term
Biogeosphere first appeared in Czech landscape ecology in the 1950s. After that, the term was in use for many decades, especially among landscape ecologists and geobotanists of the Eastern Bloc , who, however, did not use the term uniformly. That is why biogeosphere can now be found in specialist literature with a total of four different meanings.
Today the word biogeosphere is rarely used. This is due, among other things, to the fact that for all four of the word meanings he has ever introduced, it has long been possible to establish clearly defined - and therefore largely unmistakable - words.
| author | definition | term | Word variants | Synonyms |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alois Zlatník | The inanimate environment of the global biocenosis. | abiotic biogeosphere term | ||
| Vladimir Nikolayevich Sukachev | The totality of the earthly creatures of the mainland. | terrestrial-biotic biogeosphere term |
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| The totality of the terrestrial living beings of the mainland including their inanimate environment including the interactions of the living beings with one another and with their inanimate environment. | terrestrial-ecological biogeosphere term |
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| The totality of the earthly living beings together with their inanimate environment including the interactions of the living beings with one another and with their inanimate environment. | ecological biogeosphere term |
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Abiotic biogeosphere
The first biogeosphere term was introduced in 1954 by the Czech ecologist Alois Zlatník . Zlatník called those areas of the earth the biogeosphere, whose abiotic environmental factors - i.e. their physical system - make the settlement and preservation of living beings possible. Zlatník's biogeosphere term is therefore a synonym for the physiosphere.
Terrestrial-biotic biogeosphere
The second biogeosphere term is sometimes traced back to the Soviet geobotanist Nikolai Vladislavovich Dylis . However, it is likely originally from Vladimir Nikolayevich Sukachev , who worked with Dylis. The second biogeosphere term describes the continental parts of the global biocenosis - i.e. the biosphere as defined by Pierre Teilhard de Chardin . This terrestrial-biotic biogeosphere term was introduced into the German-speaking area in the mid-1970s by geobotanist Heinrich Karl Walter . The German-Russian scientists put much emphasis on the ecosystem of the continents ( -geo- ) clearly distinguished from the biocenosis of water ( hydro- ), the latter he called logical Bio hydro sphere.
Heinrich Walter replaced later the word biogeosphere (and therefore Biohydrosphäre ) an embossed by himself - in content but equally significant - word geo-biosphere (and thus Hydro biosphere ). With the change of word, the biocenosis of the mainland was already clearly distinguishable from the biocenosis of the waters ( hydro ) in the first part of the word ( geo- ). Heinrich Walter did not use his new words particularly stringently and finally wrote again in his late main work of the older terms of the biogeosphere and the biohydrosphere.
Terrestrial-ecological biogeosphere
In the late 1950s, a very influential book by the geoscientist Pierre Teilhard de Chardin was published. In it, he wrote, among other things, of the terms biosphere and geosphere, whereby Pierre Teilhard de Chardin understood the biosphere as the global biocenosis, while he referred to the inanimate environment with the term geosphere.
In the word construct of the Bio - Geo sphere, the Bios word part interacts with the Geos word part. Because of the influence of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, it made sense to understand biogeosphere as a term that encompassed precisely this connecting interrelationship between life and its inanimate environment in its global entirety. The biogeosphere then denoted neither the physiosystem nor the biocenosis of the global ecosystem. Instead, the biogeosphere meant the global ecosystem in its entirety.
Such an overall ecological understanding of the biogeosphere concept split off from the terrestrial-biotic biogeosphere concept as early as the 1970s, but without being able to completely replace the latter (because of the work of Heinrich Walter mentioned above ). First a term that is still tied to the mainland, and thus terrestrial-ecological biogeosphere, was created: the totality of the mainland ecosystems of the entire earth. Within the term, the Geos part gained a double meaning, because it stood for both abiotic and terrestrial at the same time .
Ecological biogeosphere
From the terrestrial-ecological biogeosphere concept, it was only a small step to expand to all ecosystems on earth. In fact, this semantic development was also carried out. Since then, the term biogeosphere can be used to refer to all ecosystems on earth. Thus the term of the biogeosphere - also geosphere-biosphere or biosphere-geosphere - finally became a synonym for the ecosphere .
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ SM Stoiko: Základy ekologie - Book Review [Review of A. Zlatník, J. Pelikán, M. Stolina: Základy ekologie . Prague 1973]. In: The Soviet journal of ecology. 7, 1976, p. 91.
- ^ G. Schaub, T. Turek: Energy Flows, Material Cycles and Global Development. Berlin / Heidelberg 2011, p. 28.
- ^ H. Readers: Landscape Ecology . Stuttgart 1997.
- ↑ true to E. Neef: Topological and chorological working methods in landscape research. In: Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen. 107, 1963, pp. 249-259.
- ↑ explicitly in H. Hambloch: Allgemeine Anthropogeographie. In: Geographic Knowledge. 31, 1972, supplement to Geographical Journal. 60, 1972, p. 7.
- ↑ H. Klug, R. Lang: Introduction to Geosystem Theory. Darmstadt 1983, p. 46.
- ^ V. Bednář: The Biosphere of the Earth as a planetary Ecosystem. In: Biologica. 15, 1974, p. 14.
- ↑ В. Н. Сукачев, Н. В. Дылис: Основы лесной биогеоценологии. Москва 1964, p. 489 ff.
- ^ NV Dylis: Principles of construction of a classification of forest biogeocoenoses. In: VN Sukachev, NV Dylis (ed.): Fundamentals of Forest Biogeocoenology. Edinburgh / London 1969, p. 572 ff.
- ↑ VN Sukachev: General principles and procedure in the study of forest types . 1958, p. 7.
- ↑ VN Sukachev, NV Dylis (ed.): Fundamentals of Forest Biogeocoenology . Edinburgh / London 1969, p. 2.
- ↑ Н. В. Дылис: Структура лесного биогеоценоза . Москва́ 1969.
- ↑ P. Teilhard de Chardin: La Place de l'Homme dans la Nature . Paris 1956.
- ↑ H. Walter: Vegetation zones and climate: The ecological structure of the biogeosphere . Stuttgart 1977.
- ^ H. Walter: Vegetation of the Earth and Ecological Systems of the Geobiosphere . Heidelberg 1979 - This was the English translation of the third German edition (translation: J. Wieser): H. Walter: Vegetation zones and climate: The ecological structure of the biogeosphere . Stuttgart 1977 - The next, fourth German edition took over the nomenclature of the English translation: H. Walter: Vegetation and climatic zones: The ecological structure of the geo-biosphere . Stuttgart 1979.
- ↑ H. Walter, S.-W. Breckle: Ecology of the Earth. Volume 1: Basics . Stuttgart 1991, p. 2.
- ↑ Pierre Teilhard de Chardin: La Place de l'Homme dans la Nature . Paris 1956.
- ^ W. Larcher: Physiological plant ecology . New York 1975, p. 3.
- ^ H. Readers: Landscape Ecology . Stuttgart 1997, p. 222.
- ^ R. Pott: General geobotany . Berlin 2005, p. 33.
- ↑ M. Munasinghe: Making development more sustainable . Colombo 2007, p. 65.
- ^ National Research Council: Global Change in the Geosphere-Biosphere: Initial Priorities for an IGBP . Washington 1986.
- ^ W. v Bloh, C. Bounama, S. Franck: Cambrian explosion triggered by geosphere-biosphere feedbacks. In: Geophysical Research Letters. 30, 2003, p. 1963.
- ^ E. Erba: The first 150 million years history of calcareous nannoplankton: Biosphere-geosphere interactions. In: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 232, 2006, pp. 237-250.