Macro Ge languages
Macro-Ge is an indigenous American language family that includes 41 languages, 23 of which are already extinct, and used to be common in eastern South America , particularly Brazil . Many macro-ge language speakers have assimilated into Portuguese and given up their mother tongue. The remaining language communities of Macro-Ge are numerically small. The most spoken language is the Kaingang language with 18,000 native speakers, spoken in the Brazilian states of São Paulo , Paraná , Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul . In terms of the number of speakers, Xavante (8000) and the Kayapó language (7000) follow . These three most spoken languages all belong to the group of Ge languages .
structure
According to Ethnologue, these languages are structured as follows (although this structure contains only 32 languages):
-
Bororo Group:
- Actual Bororo :
- Borôro [bor]
- Umotína [umo]
- Otuke [otu]
- Actual Bororo :
- Botocudo: Krenak [kqq]
- Chiquito: Chiquitano [cax]
- Fulniô [fun]
-
Ge Kaingáng Group:
- Ge group (13 languages)
- Kaingáng group:
- Kaingáng [kgp] (approx. 18,000 speakers)
- Xokleng [xok]
- Kaingáng, São Paulo [zkp]
- Guató [gta]
- Kamakã [vkm]
- Karajá [kpj]
- Maxakalí [mbl]
- Ofayé [opy]
- Purí [prr]
- Rikbaktsá [rkb]
-
Yabutí group:
- Arikapú [ark]
- Jabutí [jbt]
- Oti [oti]
With the exception of Chiquitano, which is spoken in Bolivia , all of these languages are spoken in Brazil .
swell
- Harald Haarmann : Small Lexicon of Languages. From Albanian to Zulu (= Beck series. 1432). Beck, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-47558-2 .
literature
- Dolair A. Callai, Lidia I. Allebrandt (Eds.): Vocabulário Kaingang-Português. Editora Unijuí, Ijuí 2001.
- J. Alden Mason: The languages of South American Indians. In: Julian H. Steward (Ed.): Handbook of South American Indians. Volume 6: Physical anthropology, linguistics and cultural geography of South American Indians. United States Government Printing Office, Washington DC 1950, pp. 157-319.
- Aryon D. Rodrigues: Macro-Jê. In: Robert MW Dixon , Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (Eds.): The Amazonian Languages. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al. 1999, ISBN 0-521-57021-2 , pp. 165-206.
- Ursula Wiesemann: The phonological and grammatical structure of the Kaingáng language (= Janua linguarum. Series practica. 90, ISSN 0075-3130 ). Mouton, The Hague et al. 1972, (At the same time: Cologne, University, dissertation, 1966).
- Ursula Wiesemann: The pronoun systems of some Jê and Macro-Jê languages. In: Ursula Wiesemann (Ed.): Pronominal Systems (= Continuum. 5). Narr, Tübingen 1986, ISBN 3-87808-335-1 .
Web links
- Macro Ge. In: M. Paul Lewis, Gary F. Simons, Charles D. Fennig (Eds.): Ethnologue. Languages of the World. 19th edition. Online version. SIL International, Dallas TX 2016.