Carucata
Carucata (from Latin caruca , translated plow ; plural: Carucatae; English carucate ) is a medieval square measure that originated in England and was used to collect taxes . The corresponding donations were called carucages . A carucata is the area of arable land that a pair of plows can work in a year, and is roughly equivalent to 120 medieval acres . A team of plows consists of eight oxen, and accordingly a carucata can be divided into eight bovata ( English bovate ).
On a larger scale, the Carucata was used as a measure of area in the Domesday Book created in 1086 , especially in northern England , in the northern areas of the Midlands and in East Anglia . In this area there was a considerable influence on the division of space by Danish settlers, who probably called the unit plogslands and the authors of the Domesday-Book translated this into carucatæ , whereby the ratio was not always 1: 1. In the more Anglo-Saxon regions of England, the system based on hides was common. While around 100 hidas were merged into hundreds , the Carucatae used the duodecimal system , which typically resulted in the formation of groups of twelve. Through the Domesday Book, the Carucata spread over the entire Anglo-Norman domain, which from the end of the 12th century also included parts of Ireland .
literature
- JH Round: Feudal England . Historical Studies on the XI th and XII th Centuries. Swan Sunshine, London 1895 ( online [accessed October 7, 2014]).
- Reginald Lennard: The Origin of the Fiscal Carucate . In: The Economic History Review . Vol. 14, No. 1 , 1944, pp. 51-63 .
- June A. Sheppard: Pre-Conquest Yorkshire: Fiscal Carucates as an Index of Land Exploitation . In: Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers . No. 65 , 1975, pp. 67-78 .
- CP Wormald: Carucata . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages (LexMA). Volume 2, Artemis & Winkler, Munich / Zurich 1983, ISBN 3-7608-8902-6 , Sp. 1534.
- Ann Williams, GH Martin (Ed.): Domesday Book . A Complete Translation. Penguin Books, London 2003, ISBN 0-14-143994-7 .