Cavour solution

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The term Cavour solution is a technical term that has its origins in the way embodied by Camillo Benso von Cavour in the 19th century to shape Italy “from above”, liberal, authoritarian and pragmatic into a unity. However, the term did not arise in the context of research on the Italian nation-state. The term was derived from Thomas Nipperdey as a research-language counterpart to the Garibaldi solution / Garibaldi agreement, in order to denote currents in other nation-building processes in the spring of nations and especially in the German nation-state building.

Elements of a so-called Cavour solution

Elements of the Cavour solution are the establishment of a nation-state from above under the leadership of a (monarchical) sub-state (in the case of Italy this is Piedmont-Sardinia, in the case of Germany Prussia), guided by a monarchist statesman (“white revolutionary”, in the case of Italy Cavour , in the case of Germany, Bismarck), who, with the help of “wars of unification”, achieved the merging of the partial state he represented into a new overall state.

prehistory

After the revolutions of 1848/49 failed, Turin became the capital of Sardinia-Piedmont. It became more and more the center of the Risorgimento . When Cavour became Prime Minister, the strategy changed. The events during and after the revolution of 1848/49 led to the conviction that Italy could not become a unit on its own. The failure of the revolution had decisively weakened the democratic movement, which until then had been the defining force of the Risorgimento for a long time. So the alliances that were seen as necessary were concluded in order to enforce the Italian nation-state in a conservative way.

Path to the Cavour solution

When the revolutions failed in 1848, Cavour decided to give up his idealism for realpolitik and change his liberal aspirations. He assumed that strong rule could prevail, even if revolutions fail to unite Italy. In the first two government offices that he held, he always sought to strengthen Sardinia. Revolutions against the supremacy of the Spanish Bourbons in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and against that of the Habsburg Austrians in northern and central Italy expanded into revolutions and wars. This led to the fact that under the leadership of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1861 Italian unity "from above" - ​​as a constitutional monarchy with the hereditary royal throne of the House of Savoy - was able to prevail. The provisional completion of the territorial state formation took place in 1870 after the capture of Rome or the papal state that remained after 1860 with Latium by Italian troops.

implementation

However, the territories of the current Italian national territory were not included in the new Kingdom of Italy . It was expanded bit by bit and formed its center in the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia . The judiciary, bureaucracy and army were reorganized by Cavour. He also ensured that Sardinia became one of the most modern countries of its time. He did this through his successful endeavors to promote industry and through the construction of railroad lines and factories. Except for Veneto and Rome, Italy was completely united according to Cavour's idea. Thus he was able to implement his territorial goals. Cavour died of a stroke two months later, but his desire for a united Italy was within reach.

literature