Chawan
Chawan ( Japanese 茶碗 ) is the name for a tea bowl. It is one of the most important utensils in the Japanese tea ceremony ( chadō ).
The tea bowl originally comes from China . It was used by Buddhist monks from the monastery on Tianmu Mountain (Japanese Tenmoku ) for drinking tea. Japanese monks acquired these tea bowls and brought them back to Japan. The book Nihon Koki mentions that tea was first drunk in Japan in the Heian period (794–1185), but only by the imperial family, aristocrats and monks.
When, towards the end of the Kamakura period (1185-1333), the custom of drinking tea had spread throughout Japan and the Chawan were demanded in all layers of society, the Japanese began to make their own copies in Seto (in today's Aichi Prefecture ). to manufacture ( Seto ceramics ).
In the late Muromachi period (1336–1573) and with the rise of the Wabi tea ceremony, another tea bowl became very popular, namely the Ido-chawan ( 井 戸 茶碗 ). This comes originally from Korea and was mainly used for rice there. Sen no Rikyu preferred this Chawan because of its rough simplicity until he developed the Raku-chawan ( 楽 茶碗 ) together with the roof tile maker Chōjirō during the Tenshō era (1573–1592) . This raku ceramic is the first Japanese in-house development for the tea ceremony, and it still enjoys a very high reputation today because art and craft merge in its manufacture. Raku-chawan are kilned one at a time. So it is to be understood that these first 7 raku-chawan, the Rikyu Shichi-shu , have names. These are the 3 black ( 黒 楽 , kuro-raku ) chawan Oguro, Hachibiraki and Toyobo and the 4 red ( 赤 楽 , aka-raku ) chawan Hayabune, Kimori, Kengyo and Rinzai.
Rokkoyō refers to "the six old kilns of Japan", in fact one goes beyond that in research from about 30 centers of ceramic production. But there are also ceramics that are named after people, not after the place of manufacture. B. Oribe pottery (with the distinctive Kutsugata chawan ) whose name goes back to Furuta Oribe .
Raku chawan , 16th century
Chawan by Nin'ami Dōhachi , 19th century
Raku chawan , Japan ca.1990
literature
- Anneliese and Wulf Crueger: Paths to Japanese Ceramics. 2nd Edition. Ernst Wasmuth Verlag, Tübingen, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-8030-3359-8 .
- Morgan Pitelka: Handmade Culture: Raku Potters, Patrons, and Tea Practitioners in Japan, University of Hawaii Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8248-2885-1 .
