Rokkoyō

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Tokoname pottery, vessel from the Heian period , private property, important cultural asset of Japan

Rokkoyō ( Japanese 日本 六 古窯 , Nihon Rokkoyō , literally: "Six old kilns (sites) of Japan") is a term introduced by the potter and ceramic researcher Fujio Koyama for six representative production facilities of Japanese ceramics, the tradition of which goes back to the Kamakura period . Today research also assumes around 30 ceramic production centers.

The six production sites

Seto pottery ( 瀬 戸 焼 , Seto-yaki ) - the center is the city of Seto in Aichi Prefecture
Seto is the second largest center next to Tokoname with around 600 kilns. Ceramics with ash glaze have been made here since the 12th century. The pottery typical of Seto was created in the 13th century when an attempt was made to imitate the expensive white ch'ing-pa imported from China and the greenish lung-ch'üan celadon pottery of the Song Dynasty . In the end, however, tenmoku tea bowls glazed with iron oxide became successful. These old ceramics, which were produced particularly intensively during the Kamakura period , are now called "Ko-Seto", old Seto ceramics. Characteristic of the early Seto ceramics is an underglaze with floral elements and pressed-in flowers, such as the characteristic "withered leaf glaze". At the end of the Muromachi period, potters from Seto moved to the province of Mino , where they began a. a. to manufacture the famous Shino and Oribe ceramics .
Tokoname pottery ( 常 滑 焼 , Tokoname-yaki ) - the center is the city of Tokoname in Aichi Prefecture
With around 1000 kilns, Tokoname is the largest center of ceramic production and about as old as the center in Seto. The characteristic large stone jugs ( kame ) with wood ash glaze have been burned here since the 12th century . These clay jugs, up to one meter high, were used as storage vessels. In addition, vessels with bones and sutras were found during excavations. Characteristic for this ceramic center are large vessels made of gray to reddish brown burnt, coarse clay.
Echizen pottery ( 越 前 焼 , Echizen-yaki ) - centers are the cities of Echizen , Odacho and Miyazaki in Fukui Prefecture
The somewhat more remote center on the coast facing the mainland has mainly produced ceramics for household use since the 12th century. The wood ash glaze and type of vessels are very similar to those from Tokoname. Echizen also supplied the mainland in particular with largely decor-free consumer ceramics via the Shigaura port.
Shigaraki pottery ( 信 楽 焼 , Shigaraki-yaki ) - the center is the city of Kōka in Shiga Prefecture , east of Lake Biwa
During the Kamakura period, the Shigaraki ceramic center produced large, bulbous jugs ( tsubo ), mortars and everyday objects, mostly with little or no decoration. It is characterized by the use of clay with small feldspar grains that do not melt below 1300 ° C and float on the surface as white stars ( hoshi ). At higher temperatures, however, these feldspar grains leave small craters ( ishihaze ) on the surface.
Tamba (Tachikui) ceramics ( 丹波 立 杭 焼 , Tamba-Tachikui-yaki ) - centers are the cities of Sasayama and Tachikui , Taki-gun in Hyōgo prefecture
In the Middle Ages, jugs with a size of 35 to 45 cm with a natural ash glaze were mostly made here. Characteristic of the ceramics, which were fired in tunnel kilns ( anagama ) up to the Momyama period, is the contrast between a grass-green spout and the red earthenware of the body.
Bizen Pottery ( 備 前 焼 , Bizen-yaki ) - the center is the city of Bizen in Okayama Prefecture
Bizen pottery has also been made since the 12th century, but it particularly peaked in the 16th century with the development of the tea ceremony . The potters found out that the clay, which is less suitable for ceramic production, can be processed well through very long firing processes of up to 60 days at low temperatures. Surface textures such as gomayu ("sesame seed glaze") and hidasuki (" stripes of fire") were popular in weddings . The latter was achieved by wrapping straw, which burns up while burning and leaves dark red streaks.

See also

literature

  • The six old ovens . In: Gabriele Fahr-Becker (Ed.): East Asian Art . Reprint edition. Tandem Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-8331-6099-8 , pp. 584-592 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gabriele Fahr-Becker (ed.): The six old ovens. 2011, p. 586.
  2. ↑ Gabriele Fahr-Becker (ed.): The six old ovens. 2011, p. 587.
  3. ↑ Gabriele Fahr-Becker (ed.): The six old ovens. 2011, p. 590.
  4. ↑ 丹波 焼 . Japan Pottery Net, accessed on August 30, 2013 (Japanese, since the name Tachikui ceramics was also in use, Tachikui has also been mentioned since 1978.).
  5. ↑ Gabriele Fahr-Becker (ed.): The six old ovens. 2011, p. 592.