Date rape

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Under date rape ( English date "appointment," rape "rape") is a forced sexual intercourse or an unintended sexual act understood by a friend in the context of an otherwise received by mutual agreement date. It is a special form of rape . In the German-language literature, both the Anglicism date rape and the translation Rendezvous-Vergewaltigung can be found .

overview

The term "Date Rape" was coined in 1975 by the American feminist Susan Brownmiller in her classic Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape .

In American literature Date Rape is used as a sub-category of Acquaintance Rape ( English acquaintance described "acquaintance"), as rape or sexual assault by an acquaintance on a date while Acquaintance rape is committed in the social environment, for example by relatives, colleagues, neighbors , Friends, without a (love) relationship (dating relationship) or there is no date. In the International Handbook of Criminology (2007) date rape is also classified under rape by friends and acquaintances (acquaintance rape ) and defined as rape of the partner in a love relationship.

Over the decades, societal assessments of many types of sexual misconduct have shifted, including that of Date Rapes. What used to be averted with a perpetrator-victim reversal is now viewed as criminal and reported. This increases the willingness to report . In addition, a decrease in the number of cases is expected.

Date rape using drugs

In recent years, date rape has come to be known as forced first-date sexual contact among teenagers and young adults. So-called date rape drugs (knockout drops) also played a role. In order to facilitate rape, the victim is administered substances with sleep-inducing, dissociative and amnestic effects, for example by secretly adding them to a drink. However, the most common date rape drug is alcohol. Gerrig / Zimbardo (2008) cite a study of 4,446 women at American colleges and universities, according to which 12.8 percent of women experienced a completed and 35 percent an attempted rape during a date.

Typical crime sequences

  • A friend or partner takes advantage of the victim's alcoholism.
  • A friend takes advantage of the restricted defense behavior after taking party drugs.
  • An acquaintance misinterprets a victim's “no” merely as an apparent resistance and thus as a “yes”.
  • An acquaintance misinterprets a stimulating French kiss as the right to get satisfaction.
  • Drugs are secretly administered to the victim beforehand (for example knockout drops in the victim's drink).
  • A friend plans the use of sexual violence in advance and specifically builds up a psychological and physical pressure situation.

consequences

The psychological and social damage caused by the sexual violence suffered are assessed as more serious if the perpetrator and the victim knew each other beforehand, since the known perpetrator also violates interpersonal trust and the interpersonal sense of security.

Nevertheless, most of the offenses are treated as a milder form of rape in the legal sense, since the victims often show no serious physical damage, were often unable to resist or the perceived rejection could not be expressed due to the inability to communicate under alcohol and Drugs. It is difficult to provide evidence if there is no evidence that will be reliable in court or if it was destroyed by the victim himself, for example by showering. While rape by third-party perpetrators is scandalized, date rape victims are often denied recognition of victim status. Most date rape victims do not file charges.

Legal situation in Germany

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A conviction according to the German Criminal Code ( Section 177 Sexual Coercion, Rape) requires that the victim expresses a recognizable conflicting will. Before the reform of sex criminal law, it was necessary for the victim to offer physical resistance, which the perpetrator had to overcome by means of violence. Today a verbal utterance (no means no) or a non-verbal but implicit action is sufficient.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Richard J. Gerrig, Philip G. Zimbardo : Psychology (= Pearson Study - Psychology). German Arranged by Ralf Graf. 18th updated edition. Pearson Studium, Munich et al. 2008, ISBN 978-3-8273-7275-8 , p. 438 f, p. 744.
  2. ↑ Claudia Steinberg: NO means NO. In: The time . January 28, 1994 (The Zeit article incorrectly names 1977 instead of 1975 as the date of first publication).
  3. ↑ Date Rape is sexual assault that occurs when a victim and the perpetrator are invoveld in a dating relationship, ranging from the first date to a steady dating relationship. In: Sally K. Ward et al. (Ed.): Acquaintance and Date Rape. An Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood Publishing, 1994, ISBN 0-313-29149-7 , Introduction, pp. 1f.
  4. ↑ Francis Pakes, Jane Winstone: Date Rape and Drugs. In: dies .: Psychology and Crime. Willan (Routledge) 2007, ISBN 978-1-84392-259-9 , p. 151.
  5. ↑ a b c H. J. Schneider: Rape by friends and acquaintances. In: ders. (Ed.): Internationales Handbuch der Kriminologie. Volume 2. Special Problems in Criminology. De Gruyter, 2009, ISBN 978-3-89949-131-9 , p. 820.
  6. ↑ Michael Tonry: Why Crime Rates Are Falling Throughout the Western World . In: Crime & Justice . tape 43 , no. 1 , 2014, p. 8 , doi : 10.1086 / 678181 (English, alternative full text access : scholarship.law.umn.edu ).
  7. ↑ In an annual report by the Lower Saxony State Criminal Police Office in 2010, Date Rape is described as the "first forced sexual contact among young people". The young suspects between the ages of 14 and 18 were all male. Annual report juvenile delinquency and youth risk in Lower Saxony 2010 , Hanover May 2011, p. 75.
  8. ↑ Herbert Scheithauer , Tobias Hayer, Kay Niebank (eds.): Problem behavior and violence in adolescence. Manifestations, conditions of origin, prevention and intervention. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-17-019507-3 , p. 131.
  9. ↑ Richard J. Gerrig, Philip G. Zimbardo : Psychology (= Pearson Study - Psychology). German Arranged by Ralf Graf. 18th updated edition. Pearson Studium, Munich et al. 2008, ISBN 978-3-8273-7275-8 , p. 186.
  10. ↑ Hannes Albert Magnus Riedesser: Date Rape Drugs. In: ders .: Influence of alcohol on sexual offenses by and against young people. A retrospective study with interviews about backgrounds and dynamics. med. Dissertation. Medical Faculty of the University of Hamburg, 2011, p. 96f. (pdf)
  11. ↑ Richard J. Gerrig, Philip G. Zimbardo : Psychology (= Pearson Study - Psychology). German Arranged by Ralf Graf. 18th updated edition. Pearson Studium, Munich et al. 2008, ISBN 978-3-8273-7275-8 , p. 438.
  12. ↑ Barbara Krahé, Renate Scheinberger-Olwig: Sexual Aggression. Degree of prevalence and risk factors in adolescents and young adults. Hogrefe Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-8017-1381-4 , p. 126.
  13. ↑ Richard J. Gerrig, Philip G. Zimbardo : Psychology (= Pearson Study - Psychology). German Arranged by Ralf Graf. 18th updated edition. Pearson Studium, Munich et al. 2008, ISBN 978-3-8273-7275-8 , p. 438.
  14. ↑ Date-Rape Drugs on the Rise , International Addiction Control Council (INCB), Drug Report 2011
  15. ^ Jean O'Gorman Hughes, Bernice R. Sandler: "Friends" Raping Friends. Could It Happen to You? Association of American Colleges, Washington, DC. Project on the Status and Education of Women, 1987, p. 2.