The much-loved and the much-hated

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The much-loved and the much-hated is a historical double biography of the German writer Clara Viebig . The main characters in the plot set in Berlin towards the end of the 18th century are the historical characters Wilhelmine Enke , later Countess Wilhelmine von Lichtenau and King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia. In an era of German upheaval, Viebig traces the relationship between the king and a woman vilified by the people and the nobility, who was referred to as "the Prussian pompadour ".

action

While walking through the cloudy autumnal park of Sanssouci , Frederick II hangs over his thoughts. The most important concern of the unloved, bitter Prussian ruler is the future of his state. He fears that his successor, Prince Friedrich Wilhelm II, will only too easily succumb to the whisperings of courtiers and mistresses and that he will not consolidate the national territory that has been won in hard armed conflicts. The dissolute nephew and heir is married for the second time and is known for extramarital relationships, while he is disinterested and awkward in politics. The uncle worries:

"Fifty million will be found in the state treasury after his death [...], but celebration after celebration, women always women, debts upon debts, how long will the millions last? Flatterers have the trust of the king, whores rule. "

Suddenly Wilhelmine Enke approaches Friedrich. The king knows and despises this lover of his nephew, who has a son with the prince. Wilhelmine asks the king to give her son Alexander a title. Friedrich rejects the woman in a harsh tone:

“She is the Demoiselle Enke, does she think I know nothing about her? […] Don't get involved in the affairs between me and my Neveu. In no affairs at all. Women are undermining moles, nasty blowflies, you can get them off your neck, let them cart earth in Spandow! "

Looking back, Wilhelmine's childhood is portrayed: Father Elias Enke, French horn player in the royal chapel, can hardly keep the family afloat. Mother Enke hopes for a better life for her daughters and therefore has no objection to the great daughter Renate receiving numerous aristocratic admirers. As an extra at the theater, she actually succeeds in persuading Count Matuschka to marry, but the marriage ends unhappily. Against the will of the angry father, Renate introduces little Wilhelmine into her house, where she takes up the manners of the courtly Berlin life and gets to know the prince at the age of eleven. Friedrich Wilhelm II is taken with the child and assures her that she can count on him. The extremely inquisitive Wilhelmine is first taught by the prince. He later lets her move in with the parents of his valet Johann Friedrich Rietz so that he can be close to her at all times. Wilhelmine enjoys this life, but her joy is mixed with grief over the separation from the family and the rift with her father, who sharply disapproves of the way his daughters live. Later Wilhelmine will have to experience painfully that her father dies without having forgiven her. After a lonely day of Wilhelmine, what Friedrich Wilhelm expected happens: The grown-up falls into the prince's arms and becomes his lover. Friedrich Wilhelm repeats his oath in writing:

“And with his dripping blood he wrote it down for her: 'I will never leave you. By my princely word of honor, your faithful friend until death. '"

The liaison is actually supposed to continue until the death of the future king, even if Friedrich Wilhelm II. Maintains numerous other relationships. - The prince gives Wilhelmine a country house in Charlottenburg, where he can always see her and their children, Alexander von der Mark and Marianne von der Mark . There he finds family life that neither his wife nor other lovers can give him, especially since he loves his son Alexander tenderly. Meanwhile, the grandchildren are demonized by the people. Rumor has it that she shamelessly exploits the prince. At court, people are happy when the prince's attention is drawn to the lady-in-waiting Julie von Voss , because they absolutely want to oust the middle-class grandchildren. In fact, the prince agrees to a left-hand marriage with Voss, and his wife demands that the grandchildren should be urged to leave Berlin or to marry a commoner so that her hated name can disappear. Wilhelmine is initially reluctant. Finally, she agrees to marry the unloved Rietz, who has been promoted to secret city treasurer and who plays a threatening role as a schemer. These events coincide with the death of the old king and the accession of the prince. He actually married Julie von Voss and made her Countess Ingenheim. Wilhelmine is unhappy because she continues to love 'Fat Willem', as he is now called by the people. At the burial of the old king she is harassed by the mob:

“'The Enke, the Enke!' - it pushes itself closer and closer - puff with elbows, knuckles in the back - no respect in the crowd for silk and lace - the hem of the skirt is already hanging, worn, soiled. Reluctantly a narrow gap opens, as soon as one has slipped through, another closes; Again this human wall, black, solid, impossible to break. Crowds: thunderclouds that threaten to discharge. 'The grandchildren, the grandchildren!' The mob gets excited, only the purpose of its gathering still subdues it. No loud threats, but dull grumbling; the wild animal grumbles, Wilhelmine feels his bad breath. "

With the accession to the throne, Friedrich Wilhelm gains popularity with the people, as he generously bestows medals and, above all, abolishes the hated coffee tax and the tobacco monopoly: “'The much-beloved', that was the general name of the king, but - [...] Friedrich's savings would not last long hold up. Who paid the schools? And why is this wagging about Rome? ”The advisers Hans Rudolf von Bischoffwerder and Johann Christoph von Woellner, who are inclined to spiritualistic and mystical gimmicks, are given important positions because the king also has a spiritualistic inclination to the spirit. Only Minister von Herzberg, whom he took over from old Friedrich, is politically savvy. He recognizes the danger posed by France:

“… Oh, this king! Friendly and manageable, none of the rigid obstinacy of Frederick in him, but also accessible to every influence, every suggestion. England, you had to go with England, that was necessary for Prussia! To oppose France was Prussia's necessary policy. Because what kind of desperate conditions prevail there! And such conditions spread like the plague. A shower of sparks sprays over the globe and sets it on fire. "

Friedrich Wilhelm finds advice on political matters at Enke. Navigating between the king's ministers and advisers, she carefully advises him to turn against Joseph of Austria and against Russia in order to win the German imperial crown. Countess Ingenheim soon got tired of Friedrich Wilhelm and looked for a change in the new theater with the dancer Schulsky and the actress Baranius , and he also courted the spirited Countess Sofie Dönhoff. Despite everything, Wilhelmine is attached to her king:

"That was to be forgiven, even if it wanted to be endured. But his soul, his better self, his inner community, that marriage of the heart, which is far more than that of the flesh, could not leave that other."

After giving birth, Ingenheim succumbs to a fever, whereupon the Berliners slandered the Enke as a poisoner. The king now marries the Dönhoff 'on the left hand'. Wilhelmine becomes pregnant again. The uncertainty as to whether the child comes from the king or from the hated Rietz, with whom she spent a night out of gratitude, makes her insecure. Later it turns out that the king is little Wilhelm's father, but until then the grandchild is ambivalent towards the child.

On a political level, Woellner's religious edict, which is intended to make people “turn away from the former so-called 'Enlightenment'”, complicates the situation. The king sees in him "the true zealot in pious faith, the strong fighter against the enlightenment tendencies that have penetrated the churches". The king trusts him and the quack Bischoffwerder, who gives him powder to strengthen his psychic powers. This advises him against, among other things, a warfare, with little favorable alliances are closed.

The death of his beloved son Alexander von der Mark finally drives the king from the pleasure-loving Countess Dönhoff back to his grandchildren. In addition, there is a séance at Bischoffswerder, during which an apparition of the dead son Friedrich Wilhelm causes him to pass out. The one awakening from the fainting only wants the grandchildren who cares for him and stands by him. In order to honor her for this, the king wants to consolidate Wilhelmine's position at court. He enforces that she is raised to Countess Wilhelmine von Lichtenau and introduced against the will of the nobility at court:

"That was the notorious mistress, for whom the king wasted enormous sums of money, who devoured him and his crown treasure like a hyena, who cost him more in one day than the other favorites all together in a whole year ?! Hundreds of looks, curious and even more malicious, were directed at the grandchildren when the chief stewardess led her to the queen. [...] But she only gave Madame Rietz her fingertips. "

With his defensive policy towards other states, especially due to the turmoil of French politics, the king comes under pressure to act. He took Frankfurt against the advancing French under General Adam-Philippe de Custine . During their stay in this city, Wilhelmine was accepted by the people for the first time and venerated as the king's companion. Both enjoy the days that are crowned by a performance of Mozart's ' The Magic Flute '.

The return to Berlin is overshadowed by political and social turmoil. The growing influence of Immanuel Kant and his religion of reason empties the churches. In the Crown Prince Friedrich Wilhelm III. and his young wife Luise von Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Lichtenau grew up to be fierce opponents. The British tried to bribe her, namely to induce Wilhelm to wage war for money, but she refused. The king gives her credit for this.

The affection of the handsome English Lord Templeton, however, makes Wilhelmine wonder whether she should marry this man and leave the unloved country. Contributing to this is a diatribe sent to her by the French Count Mirabeau , in which she is equated with a prostitute and in which it says: "What fate is to be prophesied for a country in which priests, enthusiasts and whores share?". Ultimately, Wilhelmine prefers to marry abroad rather than staying at the side of her beloved king in a conflictual manner.

After another abuse by the Crown Prince and Princess Luise, the Enke fled to Italy. Apart from her initial rejection at the Neapolitan court, she enjoyed this stay very much. How rarely does she receive great admiration:

“An Italian woman would never have dared to hit her glass and make a speech, but she did, and with the calm and confidence as if it had to be, welcomed her guests most amiably and then sang a poem , which she wrote herself at the price of Italy, with a beautiful, musical voice. "

Wilhelmine suddenly returns to Berlin when the terminally ill king asks for her. In addition to his physical ailments, the division of Poland between Prussia, Russia and Austria bothers him. Although the old Queen Friederike reconciled herself with her in this situation, the Crown Prince continued to regard her as an inheritance sneak. Immediately after the king's death, the guards of Friedrich Wilhelm III. arrested them and spent them in custody in Glogau. Her belongings are initially confiscated, but the new king ultimately releases her and leaves her numerous goods:

“You couldn't prove anything to her either! No matter how hard the strict commission set up over her had tried to turn her into a rope out of this and that, out of everything. The Lichtenau made her neck stiff; she still had enough of the proud demeanor of earlier days. She had been accused of being "inflated towards high and low, arrogance"; In her earlier happiness she had had no arrogance, but now she had it, it had sprung from a painful contempt for human beings. "

After two years of imprisonment, she was released and settled in Wroclaw. She succeeds in building a deep bond with her son Wilhelm. Wilhelmine worries about the dangers from Napoléon Bonaparte , which the new young king does not see. However, the diatribes about her way of life cause her greater pain:

“With a shrug of the shoulders, with a disdainful smile, she was able to ignore the pamphlets, all the stupid hostility that was still in the king's lifetime; but that now educated people, even historians, attacked them under the title 'Truth, the pure truth!' to trumpet something about her into the world, which had never been like that, which only the drooping-eyed woman had so disfigured defamation, that robbed her of inner calm. "

One consolation at this time is the memory of the bond that has always bound you and Friedrich Wilhelm II:

“And posterity [...] would be fairer to him. And she would be more just to her too, more just than the world around her. And that consoled her. "

Material history

The life of the Enke has always been in the interest of historical research and has stimulated numerous writings, including mainly the diatribes mentioned by Viebig himself, namely the pamphlet by Count Mirabeau, as well as writings about Prussia of the era in which Enke was born occupies a central place: the "Modern Biography", "Yearbooks of the Prussian Monarchy", "Brandenburg Memories", "The Prussian States before and after November 16, 1797", "Familiar Letters", "Confessions of Countess Lichtenau, former Madame Rietz ”and finally“ Histoire des principaux événements du Règne de Fréd. Guillaume II, Roi de Prusse ”by Ségur, the former French envoy to the Prussian court.

Four writers, with different priorities and poetic freedoms, dealt with Enke: 1871 Robert Springer, 1931 Bruno Stümke, 1935 Clara Viebig and 1965 Ernst von Salomon.

Clara Viebig may also have been familiar with the life of Enke from the hikes through the Margraviate of Brandenburg by Theodor Fontane , whom she admired . In his novel " Before the Storm ", Enke is portrayed positively: "The Rietz, to many others who owned her, was in a good mood, had a sharp mind and a natural feeling for the arts."

Other novels indicate that the writing of this novel was preceded by Viebig's long examination of the events in Germany towards the end of the 18th century.

Position within Clara Viebig's work

The Much Beloved and the Much Hated is the last novel written by the now 75-year-old Clara Viebig after around forty years of literary production. In her work, mostly contemporary and social novels or novellas, historical novels are increasingly conspicuous, especially in their later phase. Presumably, due to the prevailing political conditions, it was "more harmless" to "use historical material."

Events around the turn of the French Revolution were taken up several times by Clara Viebig, except in the present novel: in “Charlotte von Weiß” (1930), the novel of a poisonous woman, in “Prinzen, Prälaten und Sansculottes” (1931), the events about the last Elector of Trier, Clemens Wenzeslaus . The novel " Unter dem Freiheitsbaum " (1922), set a little later, should also be mentioned, in which the turmoil of French rule in the Rhineland and the fate of Schinderhannes are depicted .

An entanglement can be determined by referring to the same figures. The 'beloved' Friedrich Wilhelm II granted Count Artois financial means so that the French migrant could settle down at the court of his uncle Clemens Wenzeslaus. In 'Prinzen, Prälaten und Sansculottes' the life of Count Artois at the court of his uncle is actually described, and Friedrich Wilhelm II will later stay at the Koblenz court for a few days during his trip to the campaign.

Viebig's heroine Charlotte von Weiss lives not far from the summer residence in Lichtenau. As the driver drove by, he said he was pleased that 'the woman' was now in the Glogau fortress; A comparison is later made between the reaction of the people to the arrest of both women. From this it can be seen that Clara Viebig has also dealt with the subject of the Enke at least since 1929 or the beginning of her work on "Charlotte von Weiss".

A geographical classification in Viebig's work, which is mainly set in the Eifel, Düsseldorf, Posen or Berlin, makes this work in a broader sense one of the Berlin novels. The city, however, only forms the background for what is actually happening and does not take on a role of its own, as is the case in particular in the novel “Die vor den Toren” (1910).

Interpretative approaches

Although "The Much Beloved and the Much Hated" does not take place in Clara Viebig's preferred milieu of small, disadvantaged people, Clara Viebig takes the side of Enke, who portrays her as the victim of a turning point and who is confronted with “a new epoch, both bourgeois and also Petty bourgeois sobriety, which was looking for a victim and also needed in order to let one's own virtue shine in the brighter shine. ”The wise advisor to the king does not receive any opportunity for recognition due to the professional clause, which is particularly strictly defended in this politically unstable time. However, the common people reviled the grandchildren even more than their aristocratic competitors.

In the family constellation of the Enkes, references to Friedrich von Schiller's " Kabale und Liebe " can be ascertained, since the fathers clairvoyantly foresee the failing life of their daughters, while the mothers indulge in the idea of ​​social advancement and pave the way for a meeting with nobles. Here the signing of Friedrich Wilhelm's promise with blood, represented by Viebig, creates an intertextual reference to the pact scene in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's " Faust I ". Indeed, Wilhelmine was torn between her life by this liaison.

When looking at the course of action, the exposition in particular receives praise as “a robust opening in which the great Frederick worries about the former administration of his political inheritance by the easy-going, soft nephew”. Through the indirect characterization of the unsuitable heir to the throne, which can be found in the inner monologue of the great Frederick, Clara Viebig has succeeded in providing a haunting, anticipatory description of the problems ahead and the political situation. Furthermore, with the appearance of the Enke at the beginning, she refers to her directness and courage.

The maternal side of the protagonist is emphasized in early observations of the work. Clara Viebig is certified that she has uncovered "the profound maternal nature of this strong lover of a weak king". This assessment is questionable, as the grandchildren acted little maternal on her children, especially on Wilhelm supposedly received by Rietz, and her 'maternal care' was more related to the king.

Historical biography and covert spelling

The literary technique of 'covert writing' was often used in totalitarian systems in order to exploit a possibility of conveying a text meaning bypassing the censorship that was not in the interests of the ruler. Technically, spatial proximity is replaced by distant, or historical events are described whose parallels to current events can be recognized by the reader.

With the writing of historical biographies, Clara Viebig stood in the trend of the time at the beginning of the 1930s, which, however, tended to draw "great exemplary figures of the humanistic ideal as examples, as living, reawakened forerunners of the great current struggles". Viebig, on the other hand, takes on an ostracized person and writes a work that represents more of an "unprussian episode". Neither Friedrich Wilhelm II., The weak and degenerate man of pleasure, nor the embittered, unloved Friedrich correspond to the design of a great role model.

In particular, the defensive policy of Friedrich Wilhelm II does not correspond to the contemporary call for more living space for the German people when it is said: "This second division of Poland was opposed to him: how did one come to divide a country just because it was weak?" With this statement "this king disqualifies himself as a 'contemporary' salvation bearer". In this respect, Clara Viebig uses the trend of the biographical representation to deconstruct the dominant ideas about the exemplary nature of the rulers.

Publication and reception history

It is not a matter of course that Clara Viebig's last novel should be published in 1935, because her marriage to Fritz Cohn is frowned upon and "a Jew's wife is not allowed to belong to the Reichsschrifttumskammer ". This membership is a prerequisite for publication. Apparently the still popular writer receives a "rare perk" which she uses for the last time.

The direct press reactions and reviews of Viebig's old age novel appear in their diversity and controversy as a mirror of the political environment. On the one hand, one attests to her “thorough knowledge of history”, precise historical research into a romance that has never been “described so poignantly and truthfully”. It is praised that she created "a remarkable picture of the historical and social events at the Prussian court of that time", which "gained special charm and significance through this connection between human fate and a significant event of the time [...]." Viebig portray the tragic life of an exceptionally gifted woman on the eve of the French Revolution.

On the other hand, the author is accused of distorting historical truth and irrelevance. Viebig won "neither this bland king, nor his insignificant lover, a page that could justify a literary commitment or a salvation of honor." The lack of major political lines is also criticized.

After a first and second edition with 4,000 and 2,000 copies each appeared in 1935 by the Deutsche Verlagsanstalt in Stuttgart, interest in the novel initially ebbed. It was not until the 1990s that interest in the work reawakened in the course of a Clara Viebig renaissance. In 1985 the Düsseldorfer Erb Verlag published the book, allowed the Rhein-Zeitung Koblenz to reprint it in sequels, and in 1988 the Droemer Knaur Verlag allowed another paperback edition.

In 2015, excerpts from the novel, selected from various thematic points of view, will be published.

expenditure

  • 1935: 1st edition and 2nd edition 5th – 6th Tsd., Stuttgart: DVA [287 pages].
  • 1985: Düsseldorf: Erb [204 p.]
  • 1985: A novel in 42 sequels, in: Rhein-Zeitung Koblenz No. 239–281, from October 15 to December 5, 1985.
  • 1988: Munich: Droemer Knaur [204 pages].
  • 2015: Excerpt, in: Clara Viebig reading book, compiled. v. Bernd Kortländer, Cologne: Nyland (126–129).
  • 2015: Excerpt, in: Fuchs, Guido: Tadzios Brüder - The “beautiful boy” in literature, Hildesheim: Fuchs 2015 (236–238).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, p. 11.
  2. ↑ Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, pp. 20-21.
  3. ↑ Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, p. 71.
  4. ↑ Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, pp. 101-102.
  5. ↑ Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, p. 125.
  6. ↑ Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, p. 126.
  7. ↑ Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, p. 121.
  8. ↑ Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, p. 148.
  9. ↑ Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, p. 148.
  10. ↑ Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, pp. 193–194.
  11. ↑ Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, p. 239
  12. ↑ Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, pp. 260–261.
  13. ↑ Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, p. 282.
  14. ↑ Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, pp. 284–285.
  15. ↑ Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, p. 287.
  16. ↑ Clara Viebig names these writings, cf. Viebig, Clara: The much-loved and the much-hated, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, p. 286.
  17. ^ Cf. Robert Springer: Countess Lichtenau (novel in three volumes), Berlin: Janke 1871; Bruno Stümke: Wilhelmine Encke. The novel of an uncrowned queen of Prussia, Berlin: Ullstein 1931 (254 pages), Ernst von Salomon: The beautiful Wilhelmine. A novel from Prussia's gallant time, Hamburg: Rowohlt 1965 (476 pages).
  18. ^ Theodor Fontane: Romane und Erzählungen, Vol. 1, Berlin: Aufbau 1973, p. 208.
  19. ↑ Charlotte Marlo Werner: Writing Life - The Poet Clara Viebig, Dreieich: Medu 2009, p. 150, cf. also pp. 303-306.
  20. ^ Clara Viebig: Charlotte von Weiss. The novel of a beautiful woman, Berlin: Ullstein 1929 (282 pages), dies .: Prinzen, Prälaten und Sansculottes, Stuttgart: DVA 1931 (357 pages), dies .: Unter dem Freiheitsbaum, Stuttgart: DVA 1922 (384 pages) ).
  21. ↑ Cf. Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, p. 198.
  22. ↑ See Clara Viebig: Prinzen, Prälaten und Sansculottes, Stuttgart: DVA 1931, p. 236 and p. 315.
  23. ↑ Cf. Viebig, Clara: Charlotte von Weiss. The novel of a beautiful woman, Berlin: Ullstein 1929, p. 161, p. 193 and p. 238.
  24. ↑ See Michel Durand: Les romans berlinois de Clara Viebig, Berlin / Bern: Lang 1993, p. 132.
  25. ↑ Berthold Adolf Haase-Faulenorth: Countess Lichtenau. A fate between the ages, Berlin: Bernard and Graefe 1934, p. 240.
  26. ↑ Gottfried Scheuffler, in: Die Literatur, October 1935, cf. also o. V., in: Brandenburger Anzeiger v. 10/17/1935.
  27. ↑ See Gottlieb Scheuffler, in: Die Literatur, October 1935. The Leipziger Zeitung also speaks of a maternal book "in which the majesty of a woman's heart rises above the intrigues of the time and the senseless hatred of the people, for the 'beloved 'to remain loyal to her royal friend. " New Leipzig Newspaper v. 11/17/1935.
  28. ^ Georg Lukács: The historical novel, in: Works, Vol. 6, Neuwied and Berlin: Luchterhand 1965, p. 368.
  29. ^ O. V., in: Neue Freie Presse Wien v. 11/17/1935.
  30. ↑ See the detailed description, also on the sources used by Viebig, in Michel Durand: Entre roman historique et biographie. "The much-loved and the much-hated" de Clara Viebig, in: Pierre Béhar [u. a., Ed.]: Médiation et Conviction. Melanges offerts à Michel Grunewald, Paris: L'Harmattan 2007 (419–436), here p. 425.
  31. ↑ Viebig, Clara: Der Vielgeliebte und die Vielgehatedte, Stuttgart: DVA 1935, p. 256.
  32. ↑ Hugo Aust: Clara Viebig and the historical novel in the 20th century - a sketch, in: Volker Neuhaus and Michel Durand (eds.): The province of the feminine: On the narrative work of Clara Viebig, Bern: Lang 2004 (75–94 , here: p. 95).
  33. ↑ Carola Stern (with Ingke Brodersen): Come on, Cohn! Friedrich Cohn and Clara Viebig, Cologne, Kiepenheuer & Witsch 2006, p. 154.
  34. ↑ Carola Stern (with Ingke Brodersen): Come on, Cohn! Friedrich Cohn and Clara Viebig, Cologne, Kiepenheuer & Witsch 2006, p. 154.
  35. ↑ Cf. the collection of reviews of the work of “The Much Beloved and the Much Hated” in Christel Aretz (ed.): Clara Viebig im Spiegel der Presse, Bad Bertrich: Mosel Eifel Verlag 2000, pp. 306–327.
  36. ^ AJ, in: Allgemeine Wegweiser Berlin v. December 18, 1935.
  37. ↑ Duisburger Generalanzeiger v. 12/22/1935.
  38. ↑ k., In: Neue Freie Presse Wien v. 11/17/1935.
  39. ↑ See reviews in: Die Literatur, October 1935, Rostocker Anzeiger v. November 3rd, 1935, Germania Berlin v. November 6, 1935, Frankfurt Oder newspaper v. November 8, 1935, Neue Leipziger Zeitung v. November 17, 1935, General Guide to Berlin v. December 18, 1935 or Harald von Königsfeld, in: Berliner Börsen-Zeitung v. 01/12/1936.
  40. ↑ Der Mittag, Düsseldorf v. 11/28/1935. Similarly, Viebig could “not wrest great values ​​from the dry events and the average people”. Marie Luise Becker, in: Rheinisch-Westfälische Zeitung v. 11/21/1935.
  41. ↑ See AD, in: Germania Berlin v. 11/06/1935.
  42. ↑ According to the accounting sheets of the Erb Verlag (originals in the Clara-Viebig-Archiv, Bad Bertrich), in 1986 the right to publish was also granted to the Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung and the district newspaper Syke. It is unclear whether a publication actually took place.
  43. ↑ Cf. Clara Viebig reading book, collated. v. Bernd Kortländer, Cologne: Nyland (126–129) and Fuchs, Guido: Tadzios Brothers - The “beautiful boy” in literature, Hildesheim: Fuchs 2015 (236–238).