Minden Cathedral Chapter

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The canons of Minden Cathedral were united in the Minden Cathedral Chapter . It goes back to the development phase of the diocese of Minden . Since the Reformation it has consisted of Protestant and Catholic members. It existed until secularization in 1810.

Seal of the cathedral chapter from 1227

history

Beginnings

The cathedral chapter was probably founded in the course of the imperial assembly in 799. The cathedral chapter is clearly attested as a monastery from 961 as Otto I granted the community the right to bishopric. Later emperors like Henry II renewed this right. In the beginning there were close personal relationships with the Fulda Monastery , later Lorsch Monastery became more important. A first independent document of the chapter dates from the year 1025. During this time there was still a common life. In addition to the celebration of the divine service, the members carried out pastoral care and maintained the cathedral school. Community life was preserved until the high Middle Ages. In the first half of the 13th century there were remains of the Vita communis . But already at this time the canons no longer lived in a real monastery-like community. But there was a joint administration of property that was separated from that of the bishop. There have been references to Canon Curia since the 12th century. Overall, community life dissolved between the 12th and 13th centuries. It is also significant that the canons previously referred to themselves as fratres , but later as domini .

Structure and rights in the Middle Ages

Various dignities appear in the documents as early as the 11th century. The dean, waiter, custodian and scholaster are also named.

It came about in the 13th century laying down 24 cathedral preliminaries . In a statute of 1258, 24 canons are mentioned. These were accounted for by 22 canons, the dean and the provost. The members had the right to elect a bishop, administered the archdeaconate of the diocese and also occupied the provost posts of the collegiate monasteries St. Martini and St. Johannis . The income of the canons was also regulated during this period. In addition to the archdeaconate , the chapter was given ten administrative offices. There were also eight tithe. The chapter had the right to freely choose its members, with the exception of some papal and imperial privileges. A considerable number of the bishops of Minden emerged from the cathedral chapter. In the period between 1150 and 1400, 14 of the 23 bishops were members of the cathedral chapter before being elected.

The bishops could no longer sell goods without the consent of the canons. While the other clergymen and the ministral (“the people”) had to agree to this, the cathedral chapter monopolized this right from the 12th century. Since that time, a large number of seals of the cathedral chapter have been preserved for the purpose of authentication. The seals of the 13th and 14th centuries show Saint Peter and later also Saint Gorgonius . Both were patrons of the cathedral church.

The increase in importance of the chapter was also due to the fact that it succeeded in further expanding its special fund, which was created from the 12th century. In contrast, the episcopal income decreased due to his sovereign duties, among other things. When the bishops had to raise taxes in the 14th century in order to be able to cover the government expenses, they could not prevent the cathedral chapter from taking control of the tax collection. It also gained influence through spending.

Since 1353 the rights of the chapter were contractually established in the form of an electoral surrender. No church property could be sold without the consent of the chapter. The bishop had to prevent foreign castles from being built in the Minden bishopric. In addition, he was not allowed to affect the rights of the canons in the cathedral immunity and the jurisdiction of the chapter on people and clergy. The bishop was not allowed to overturn judgments of the chapter. He was only allowed to conclude contracts with the consent of the capitulars. New cathedral capitals and bishops should in future swear to the observance of the treaty.

Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times

Gravestone of the cathedral capital Johann Heinrich von Vincke

The canons mostly came from the nobility . Bourgeois canons had to complete a university education. Basically nothing changed in the number of cathedral sites up to the beginning of the 16th century. In addition to 24 canons, there were another 48 vicars, eight altarists and six choralists, making a total of 86 clergymen. Many of the canons, however, still held prebends in other monasteries and were therefore not always present.

After the Reformation was implemented, the chapter tried to maintain its position. In 1535 they were successful with a lawsuit and the cathedral was assigned to the Catholics as a parish church at the time of Bishop Franz von Waldeck . Even later, the cathedral chapter was still partly occupied by Catholics. In 1618 it still had 18 members. 11 of them were Catholic and 7 Protestant.

Since the homaginal recess of 1650, composition and tasks were regulated. The cathedral chapter continued to be one of the estates in what is now the Principality of Minden, alongside prelates and knights as well as representatives of the cities and towns . The Catholic members exercised the episcopal rights over the remaining Catholics. The cathedral chapter consisted of members of the Catholic and Protestant denominations. The office of cathedral dean always had to be occupied by a Protestant.

There special forms of togetherness developed. There was no church service community between Protestants and Catholics. However, the Protestant cathedral dean von Vincke ensured that the Catholic daily prayers (hourly prayers) continued to be performed.

Repealed in 1810

According to the decree of King Jérôme of December 1, 1810, the repeal took place on the spot on December 16, 1810.

See also

literature

  • Hans-Jürgen Brandt: Minden - Cathedral monastery St. Petrus and Gorgonius , in: Karl Hengst (Hrsg.): Westfälisches Klosterbuch. Lexicon of the monasteries and monasteries established before 1815 from their foundation to their abolition. Part 1. Münster 1992, pp. 593-606.
  • Wilfried Dammeyer: The property of the Minden cathedral chapter . Minden, 1957.
  • Wilhelm Dräger: The Minden Cathedral Chapter and its Canons in the Middle Ages , in: Mindener Jahrbuch 8, 1936, pp. 1–119.
  • Jörg Erdmann: Quod est in actis, non est in mundo. Papal benefit policy in the sacrum imperium of the 14th century, Library of the German Historical Institute in Rome 113, Tübingen 2006, Appendix C.2.18.1: List of Canons 1295–1378 (PDF; 58 kB), Appendix C.2.18.2: Papal legal title 1295 –1378 (PDF; 52 kB).
  • Nathalie Kruppa: Relationship between bishop and cathedral chapter using the example of the diocese of Minden. In: Concilium medii aevi 6/2003 online version (PDF; 146 kB).
  • Ulrich Rasche (Ed.): Necrologies, anniversaries and obedience registers of the Minden cathedral chapter from the 13th century Hanover, 1998 (Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Libri memoriales et Necrologia. Nova series, 5th) ISBN 3-7752-5505-2 , online version .
  • Heinrich Rüthing: The Minden cathedral chapter as a mixed denomination. In: Franz Felten, Nikolas Jaspert (ed.): Vita Religiosa in the Middle Ages. Festschrift for Kaspar Elms on his 70th birthday. Berlin 1999, pp. 767-784.
  • William C. Schrader: The Cathedral Chapter at Minden and its Members, 1650-1803. In: Westphalian magazine. Vol. 139, 1989, pp. 83-122 ( PDF file ).
  • The mixed cathedral chapter in Minden in 1794. In: Carl Eduard Vehse : History of the German courts since the Reformation. Vol. 47–48, Hamburg 1859, pp. 105–106 ( digitized in the Google book search).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hans Nordsiek: The rediscovered Seal of the Chapter Minden. Communications of the Mindener Geschichtsverein, year 54 (1982), pp. 139-143.
  2. ^ Heinrich II. (RI II) n.1697 1009 March 12, Dortmund Regest on RI-Online
  3. ↑ a b Nathalie Kruppa: Relationship between bishop and cathedral chapter using the example of the diocese of Minden. In: Concilium medii aevi, 6/2003, pp. 3-5.
  4. ↑ Nathalie Kruppa: Emancipation from the bishop. On the relationship between bishop and city using the example of Minden. In: Uwe Grieme (among others) (Ed.): Bishop and Citizen. Dominant relationships in the cathedral cities of the High and Late Middle Ages. Göttingen, 2004.
  5. ↑ Ulrich Rasche, p. 285: The page is available online
  6. ^ Nathalie Kruppa: Relationship between bishop and cathedral chapter using the example of the diocese of Minden. In: Concilium medii aevi, 6/2003, p. 6.
  7. ↑ a b Nathalie Kruppa: Relationship between bishop and cathedral chapter using the example of the diocese of Minden. In: Concilium medii aevi, 6/2003, p. 160.
  8. ^ Nathalie Kruppa: Relationship between bishop and cathedral chapter using the example of the diocese of Minden. In: Concilium medii aevi, 6/2003, pp. 157-158.
  9. ^ Nathalie Kruppa: Relationship between bishop and cathedral chapter using the example of the diocese of Minden. In: Concilium medii aevi, 6/2003, pp. 158-159.
  10. ^ Gertrud Angermann: People's life in the north-east of Westphalia at the beginning of modern times. Münster 1995, p. 38.
  11. ^ Albert Ludorff: The architectural and art monuments of the district of Minden. Vol. 11, Schoeningh, publishing house in Paderborn, Münster iW 1902, p. 62.
  12. ^ Conrad Bornhak: History of Prussian administrative law. Vol. 1, Berlin 1884, p. 429.
  13. ↑ Ernst Koch: Intercession for all of Christianity. On the history of the time of day prayer in German-speaking countries up to the end of the 18th century. In: Yearbook for Liturgy and Hymnology , 2006, p. 94.
  14. ↑ See: Heinrich Rüthing: The Minden Cathedral Chapter as a denominational mixed pen. In: Franz Felten, Nikolas Jaspert (ed.): Vita Religiosa in the Middle Ages. Festschrift for Kaspar Elms on his 70th birthday. Berlin 1999, pp. 767-784.
  15. ↑ Brandt, Art. Minden, p. 594.

Coordinates: 52 ° 17 ′ 18.1 ″  N , 8 ° 55 ′ 10.1 ″  E