Doping list
A doping list contains substances, groups of substances and methods that can contribute to increased performance and which are therefore prohibited ingestion or use in sporting competitions or for training purposes (see also doping ).
organization
The IOC doping list is recognized by most sports federations and partially adopted with minor changes. Another organization that keeps a doping list is the WADA (World Anti Doping Agency). In the case of certain illnesses and injuries of the athletes, they can apply to their associations in individual cases for exceptions for competitions and training before they are possibly taken. The IOC list is binding as a minimum standard for athletes and clubs who want to take part in their events (e.g. Olympic Games ). The controlled and uncontrolled consumption of these substances (often drug abuse ) can be harmful to health.
Depending on the association, the sanctions can be very different. These can range from a short-term to a lifelong ban. Prizes and / or medals won must be returned. For some remedies, further penalties such as imprisonment for violating laws (e.g. Narcotics Act ) may be threatened.
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) has been responsible for the global harmonization of the fight against doping in Olympic sports since January 1, 2004. Other associations can join this. American sports federations, e.g. B. of professional, high school or college sports NCAA have their own doping regulations, as they focus on rules other than those of international harmonization. With the introduction of an anti-doping program (consisting of the code, four technical standards and best practice models) the doping list is valid worldwide. The doping list is usually changed annually and comes into force on January 1st of each year.
Changing the list regularly creates paradoxes. So is z. For example, the use of party drugs, which led to Jan Ullrich's first doping ban , is permitted today (2014) in training and is only prohibited in competition. However, Ullrich was still treated as a repeat offender .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Arnd Krüger (2014). U23, in: Leistungssport 44 (2014), 1, 34–36.
- ↑ cf. Arnd Krüger : Olympic Games as a means of politics (pp. 35–54, esp. SS 46f.), In: Eike Emrich, Martin-Peter Büch, Werner Pitsch (ed.): Olympic Games - still contemporary? Values, goals, reality from a multidisciplinary perspective. Saarbrücken: Saarland University Press 2013, ISBN 978-3-86223-108-9 ; http://universaar.uni-saarland.de/monographien/volltexte/2014/112/pdf/Olympische_Spiele.pdf .