Three bards
The Three Bards (Polish: trzej wieszcze [ ˈtʂɛj ˈvjɛʂt͡ʂɛ ]) are the three great national poets of Polish Romanticism : Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855), Juliusz Słowacki (1809–1849) and Zygmunt Krasiński (1812–1859). The three bards can be roughly classified:
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All three of them lived and worked in exile during the time when their homeland Poland-Lithuania disappeared completely from the map after the division of the country and was occupied or suppressed by the Russians, Prussians and Austrians. Her dramas and epics , written as a result of the November uprising against the Russian occupiers in 1830, all revolve around the Polish struggle for freedom and independence, from the liberation of foreign rule.
With Bard , a poet of genius is meant. In Polish, however, a poet of genius is only a bard if he turns out to be a prophet . The three bards Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855), Juliusz Słowacki (1809–1849) and Zygmunt Krasiński (1812–1859) were, from the point of view of the Poles, not only poets who expressed their national feelings in an excellent way, but also people who did could foresee the future of Poland.
history
The concept of a bard was an approximation of the ancient Latin term poeta vates , which denotes a poet who is given the gift of foreseeing the future. Imported to Poland in the 16th century along with many other Sarmatic ideas , the term was translated here as wieszcz into Polish and initially used for various poets. With the beginning of Polish Romanticism in the 19th century, however, it was only used in connection with the three national poets Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki and Zygmunt Krasiński. Neither of the three ever formed a particular group or movement. Nevertheless, together they became the spiritual and moral leadership of the Poles in the 19th century.
After the January uprising against the Russian occupiers, and especially during the 1870s, the term three bards for the three national poets mentioned became firmly established. The rediscoverers of the works of Cyprian Kamil Norwid (1821-1883) in the 20th century gave him the name Fourth Bard . Some Polish literary critics in the late 20th century were skeptical of the attitude of the Krasiński works and proclaimed Norwid as the Third Bard in its place. Further literary reviews from 1919 to 1939 raised Stanisław Wyspiański to the fourth bard.
literature
- Kazimierz Wyka: Wieszcz . in: "Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna. T. 12, Warszawa: PWN, 1969, pp. 300-301
Web links
- At home with the Three Bards (Polish)
Individual evidence
- ^ Charles Dudley Warner; Lucia Isabella Gilbert Runkle; Hamilton Wright Mabie; George H. Warner (1902): Library of the World's Best Literature, Ancient and Modern: AZ . JA Hill & company. Pp. 13,508-13,510
- ↑ Mesjanizm, historiozofia i symbolika w "Dziadach" cz.III ( Memento of the original of March 3, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. eSzkola.pl 2004–2009: "Widzenie księdza Piotra."
- ↑ Dennis P. Hupchick Conflict and chaos in Eastern Europe , 1995 - 322 pages- p. 204
- ↑ Dr. Waldemar Chrostowski: Academy of Catholic Theology in Warsaw , Poland; THE SUFFERING, CHOSENNESS AND MISSION OF THE POLISH NATION , OPREE, Vol. X, Nos. 3 and 6.
