Real sack carriers
Real sack carriers | ||||||||||||
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Imago from the genus Ptilocephala |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Psychidae | ||||||||||||
Boisduval , 1828 |
The real sack bearers (Psychidae) are a family of butterflies .
distribution
So far, over 1350 species are known worldwide, with 350 species occurring in Australia alone . Around 90 species have been identified in German-speaking countries.
features
Psychids are small to medium-sized adults whose mouth parts have receded significantly. In contrast to the males, the females are often wingless. The males are mostly inconspicuous, gloomy and relatively thinly scaled, a wing mark is missing or is only weakly developed. Their antennae are well developed and double combed.
The caterpillars have biting mouthparts and well-developed breast bones, but their belly bones are often regressed.
biology
The caterpillars spend most of their development in a sack that is spun together from plant debris or sand particles. These sacks are similar to those of the caddis fly larvae. Often the construction of the quiver and the materials used are specific to one species.
The caterpillars move with the sack and feed on their forage plants out of it. All moulting and pupation take place in the sack. This is constantly expanded as the larva increases in size. Before pupation, the front end of the sack is spun with a mat, then the caterpillar turns. To hatch, the butterfly can then push itself out of the rear opening of the sack.
Hibernation takes place in the larval stage, with some species developing over several years.
After hatching, the wingless females often sit on the sack and are mated by the approaching males. Sex pheromones play an important role in finding a partner .
The lifespan of the moths is short, the males only survive a few hours, the females only a few days. For this reason alone, the hatching of the sexes must be synchronized to ensure successful mating. For some species, the time of hatching is in the early morning hours (around 5 a.m.).
Many species are polyphagous, but a number of species have specialized in one forage plant species.
The females of some species remain maggot-shaped, are legless and their abdomen remains in the sac. Parthenogenesis is known of some species .
Taxonomy
The following list contains the species identified in the German-speaking area.
Family Psychidae
Subfamily Naryciinae
- Brown moth sack carrier ( Diplodoma laichartingella (Goeze, 1783))
- Diplodoma adspersella Heinemann, 1870
- Black moth sack- bearer ( Narycia duplicella (Goeze, 1783))
- White moth sack carrier ( Narycia astrella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851))
- Eosolenobia manni (Zeller, 1852)
- Praesolenobia clathrella (Fischer v. Röslerstamm, 1837)
- Triangular dwarf sack carrier ( Dahlica triquetrella (Hübner, 1813))
- Dahlica seileri (Sauter, 1954)
- Dahlica lichenella (Linnaeus, 1761)
- Dahlica fumosella (Heinemann, 1870)
- Dahlica goppensteinensis (Sauter, 1954)
- Dahlica generosensis (Sauter, 1954)
- Dahlica simplonica (Hättenschwiler, 1977)
- Dahlica charlottae (Meier, 1957)
- Dahlica latisquama Weidlich, 2015
- Dahlica leoi (Dierl, 1970)
- Dahlica vaudella Hättenschwiler, 1990
- Dahlica nickerlii (Heinemann, 1870)
- Dahlica wockei (Heinemann, 1870)
- Dahlica sauteri (Hättenschwiler, 1977)
- Dahlica ticinensis (Hättenschwiler, 1977)
- Dahlica Klimeschi (Sieder, 1953)
- Dahlica wehrlii (Müller-Rutz, 1928)
- Siederia alpicolella (Rebel, 1919)
- Siederia pineti (Zeller, 1852)
- Siederia meierella (Sieder, 1956)
- Mountain dwarf sack carrier ( Siederia rupicolella (Sauter, 1954))
- Postsolenobia thomanni (Rebel, 1936)
- Brevantennia triglavensis (Rebel, 1919)
- Brevantennia reliqua Sieder, 1953
- Brevantennia siederi (Sauter, 1954)
- Brevantennia styriaca Meier, 1957
Subfamily Taleporiinae
- Taleporia politella (Ochsenheimer, 1816)
- Tubular sack carrier ( Taleporia tubulosa (Retzius, 1783))
- Pseudobankesia alpestrella (Heinemann, 1870)
- Pseudobankesia contractella Hättenschwiler, 1994
Subfamily Typhoniinae
- Melasina ciliaris (Ochsenheimer, 1810)
- Basler Sackträger ( Typhonia beatricis Hättenschwiler, 2000)
Subfamily Psychinae
- Luffia lapidella (Goeze, 1783)
- Bell sack carrier ( Bacotia claustrella (Bruand, 1845))
- Birch sack bearer ( Proutia betulina (Zeller, 1839))
- Proutia breviserrata Boiler , 1963
- Proutia rotunda Suomalinen, 1990
- Mesh bag carrier ( Bruandia comitella (Bruand, 1853))
- Bruandia raiblensis (male, 1870)
- Small smoke sack carrier ( Psyche casta (Pallas, 1767))
- Large smoke sack carrier ( Psyche crassiorella (Bruand, 1851))
Subfamily Epichnopteryginae
- Ocher-yellow lattice sack carrier ( Bijugis bombycella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775))
- Bijugis pectinella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
- Reisseronia gertrudae Sieder, 1962
- Montanima karavankensis (Höfner, 1888)
- Rebelia sapho (Millière, 1864)
- Rebelia kruegeri Turati, 1914
- Rebelia majorella Rebel, 1910
- Rebelia plumella surientella (Bruand, 1858)
- Large earth tube sack carrier ( Rebelia plumella plumella Ochsenheimer, 1810)
- Rebelia bavarica Wehrli, 1926
- Rebelia styriaca Rebel, 1937
- Rebelia ferruginans Rebel, 1937
- Rebelia thomanni Rebel, 1937
- Psychidea nudella (Ochsenheimer, 1810)
- Acentra subvestalis (Wehrli, 1933)
- Meadow sack carrier ( Epichnopterix plumella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775))
- Epichnopterix alpina Heylaerts, 1900
- Epichnopterix ardua Mann, 1867
- Epichnopterix montana Heylaerts, 1900
- Epichnopterix pontbrillantella (Bruand, 1858)
- Siebold's rock corridor sack carrier ( Epichnopterix Sieboldii ) (Reutti, 1853)
- Epichnopterix kovacsi Sieder, 1955 CH-A
- Epichnopterix heringi Heinemann, 1859
- Whittleia schwingenschussi Rebel, 1910
- Whittleia retiella (Newman, 1847)
Subfamily Oiketicinae
- Black bag carrier ( Acanthopsyche atra (Linnaeus, 1767))
- Large sack carrier ( Canephora hirsuta (Poda, 1761))
- Pachythelia villosella (Ochsenheimer, 1810)
- Oreopsyche tenella ( Ad.Speyer , 1862)
- Oreopsyche vorbrodtella (Wehrli, 1920)
- Leptopterix hirsutella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
- Leptopterix plumistrella (Huebner, 1793)
- Ptilocephala albida (Esper, 1786)
- Ptilocephala pyrenaella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852)
- Ptilocephala muscella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
- Ptilocephala agrostidis (cupboard, 1802)
- Ptilocephala plumifera (Ochsenheimer, 1810)
- Light brown moor sack carrier ( Megalophanes viciella (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775))
- Megalophanes strenginensis (E. Hering, 1846)
- Megalophanes turatii (Staudinger, 1877)
- Phalacropterix apiformis (Rossi, 1790)
- Phalacropterix praecellens (Staudinger, 1870)
- Graslin's sack-bearer ( Phalacropterix graslinella (Boisduval, 1852))
- Hardwood sack carrier ( Sterrhopterix fusca (Haworth, 1809))
- Mountain moor sack carrier ( Sterrhopterix standfussi (Wocke, 1851))
- Snail shell sack carrier ( Apterona helicoidella ( Vallot , 1827))
- Apterona crenulella (Bruand, 1853)
- Eumasia parietariella (Heydenreich, 1851)
swell
Individual evidence
- ↑ Psychidae (real bag carriers) in Central Europe. Lepiforum e. V .: Determination aid of the Lepiforum for the butterfly species found in Germany, Austria and Switzerland., Accessed on January 14, 2008 .
literature
- Günter Ebert, Thomas Esche, Rene Herrmann, Axel Hofmann, Hans Georg Lussi, Ingo Nikusch, Wolfgang Speidel, Axel Steiner, Jürgen Thiele: The Butterflies of Baden-Württemberg, Volume 3, Moths I (root borer (Hepialidae), wood borer (Cossidae), ram (Zygaenidae), snail moth (Limacodidae), sack bearer (Psychidae), window stain (Thyrididae)), Ulmer Verlag Stuttgart 1993. ISBN 3-8001-3472-1
- SAUTER & HÄTTENSCHWILER (2004): On the system of the palaearctic psychidae. Part 3: Identification key for the bags. - Nota lepidopterologica 27 (1): 59–69 (PDF file; 204 kB)
- Thomas Sobczyk (2011): Psychidae. World Catalog of Insects 10. Apollo Books Stenstrup, 467 pages. ISBN 978-87-88757-98-9
Web links
- www.nearctica.com ( Memento from May 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
- Psychidae in Fauna Europaea