Resultant

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The grammatical term resultative ( Latin resultatum 'result' ), also effective or conclusive ( French résultatif, état résultant ), belongs to the types of action or as a semantically comprehensive category of resultativity to aspectuality . The action, the process or the state that is given in the verb stem is described as a completed change to a new state, i.e. result-related.

The term terminative , telic or perfective and the delimitative type of action are sometimes included. The egressive type of action is defined in a similar way to the resultative ; in some works they are synonymous.

Resultativity in German

In German, various means can mark the resultativity of expressions, whereby the position in the verb system (word formation products, verb form) depends on the realization:

Elisabeth Leiss suggests a homogeneous analysis of all constructions with conjugated sein + participle II as the resultative :

"She woke up " (traditional status: being -perfect)
"The demonstration is open " (traditional status: his- passive, state-passive)

The first example is then to be analyzed as a state present (“she is awakened ”), as an active resultative , the second as a passive resultative ( .. an opened woman ). Resultative is not defined here as a tense form , but as an aspect - passive - transitional category.

The formation is possible with terminative and perfect verbs.

Other authors negate the resultative as a separate category, but in general:

"... the sein - construction in the prototypical case serves as a resultative construction in relation to the full verb construction" (as in the 7th edition of the Duden grammar from 2005, based on the sein- passive)

Gerhard Helbig and Joachim Buscha write the with / be have + past participle circumscribed tenses (Past Perfect, Perfect and pluperfect ; in the Duden grammar 2005 Perfekttempora called) a "actional factor resultativity" too ( "He is / was / will to have fallen asleep "=" He sleeps / slept / will sleep ").

In German grammar as earlier editions of the Duden grammar, about 1995, or in the grammar of idol and Hess-Liege is resultative as a technical term for a "Aktionsartklasse" (so expressly in idol / Hess-Liege) and synonymous with egressive used . The so-called resultative or egressive verbs form a subgroup of so-called perfect (or in both grammars as a synonym: terminative ) verbs . This includes prefixes such as ver bloom or auf essen .

Resultativity in other languages

Greek

The ancient Greek language expresses resultativity primarily in the form of perfect forms ( perfect , past perfect , future tense II) from: πέφευγα , "I fled (and now safe)"

In order to distinguish simple closure, as it is given in the perfective aspect , from resultative closure, the following was done: For such perfect forms that are only concluded to denote actions and processes that are premature and leave a result (in contrast to the German and Latin perfect, for example, which is also used as a non-resultant past tense: Latin “fugi”, “I fled (and now gone)” or “I fled / fled (sometime)”) became the verbal categorization of the stage (English equivalent : stage ) introduced. In addition to ancient Greek , this pattern can also be found in other Indo-European languages .

However, the technical term “resultative” is rather uncommon as a sub-category of the “stage”; the paraphrases with έχω + aparemfato (e.g. είχατε γράψει , "you had written") in modern Greek and also the synthetic perfect forms of ancient Greek are more likely to be called forms of the perfect aspect .

Slavic languages

In Russian , resultativity is expressed through word formation mechanisms ( word formation ). Isačenko counts the resulting type of action to a subclassification of the types of action with phase significance and makes the following fine differentiations:

The means of derivation (affixes) that mark the type of action follow in bold. The following list of the subcategories of the resulting type of action is only an extract of Isačenko's classification. It should be noted that there is no such thing as universal terminology. Accordingly, one or the other of the following can be a neologism.

  • Verbs that denote a successful end to what is denoted by the basic verb: actually-resultative derivatives, e.g. B. по бриться ( po brit'sja) 'to shave'
  • Verbs that denote the termination of what is denoted by the basic verb: terminative derivatives, e.g. B. про петь ( pro pet ') ' (to the end) sing '
  • Verbs that denote the termination of what is denoted by the basic verb after a certain duration: perdurative derivatives, e.g. B. про спать ( pro spat ') ' to sleep (for a certain time) '
  • Verbs that indicate that what is denoted by the basic verb cannot be continued because it is no longer possible: exhaustative derivatives, e.g. B. у бегать ся ( u begat ' sja ) ' run tired of running '
  • Verbs that denote that what is denoted by the basic verb includes all objects or an entire object: total derivatives, e.g. B. из ранить ( iz ranit ') ' to inflict many wounds'

Just as the action type classifications ( action type ) in German and Slavonic studies are generally different, this is also the case with the deeper typifications of the resulting type of action (cf. Isačenko).

French

In French , in addition to the passé composé (e.g. mourir , “to die” → “Il est mort ”, “he is dead / died”) , resultative aspectuality can also be expressed by omitting the agent in the passive voice: “La maison était déjà achetée ”,“ The house was already bought ”.

Spanish

In the Spanish language and its grammar , to distinguish between the Spanish verb forms ha cantado ( Pretérito perfecto ), "he sang ([+ resultative]:" and is now thirsty, is now being punished ... ")" and cantaba , "he sang (used to sing, sang constantly ...) ”( past tense , pretérito imperfecto ) apply.

See also

literature

  • Elisabeth Feldbusch, Reiner Pogarell, Cornelia Weiß: New questions in linguistics: files of the 25th Linguistic Colloquium. Vol. 1: Inventory and development. Paderborn 1990, p. 138 ( online ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Volker Fuchs: French grammar sorted according to keywords , 1992, Langenscheidt, Verlag Enzyklopädie, ISBN 3-324-00557-4 .
  2. ↑ a b c d Helmut Glück (Ed.): Metzler Lexikon Sprache , Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-476-00937-8 .
  3. ↑ Hadumod Bußmann : Lexicon of Linguistics (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 452). 2nd, completely revised edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-520-45202-2 .
  4. ↑ a b Günther Drosdowski: Grammar of the German Contemporary Language , Mannheim 1995, 5th edition, ISBN 3-411-04045-9
  5. ↑ a b Lutz Götze and Ernest W. B. Hess-Lüttich: Grammar of the German language. Sprachsystem und Sprachgebrauch , Cologne 2004, approved special edition for Verlag Karl Müller GmbH (www.karl-mueller-verlag.de), ISBN 3-8336-0131-0 .
  6. ^ Lecture notes "Verbalkategorien des Deutschen". Retrieved August 1, 2019 . , at www.univie.ac.at
  7. ^ The state passive: grammatical classification educational restrictions room for interpretation * HU Berlin, October 2005 ( Memento from April 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  8. ↑ a b Scientific advice of the Duden editorial team (ed.): Duden. The grammar Indispensable for good German. 7th edition. Mannheim 2005, ISBN 3-411-04047-5 .
  9. ^ Gerhard Helbig and Joachim Buscha: Guide to German Grammar , May 2000, ISBN 3-468-49495-5 , ISBN 978-3-468-49495-6 .
  10. ↑ The Verbkategorisierung Stadium hispanoteca.eu. Retrieved August 1, 2019 .
  11. ↑ About the verbal aspect in modern Greek: tense system , on home.schule.at
  12. ↑ Ancient Greek conjugation to 2 conjugation of verbs (indicative) - 2.1 AUGMENT & REDUPLICATION ( Memento from January 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  13. ↑ a b On some classifications of the types of action in Russian and German studies ( Memento from June 17, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
  14. ^ Helmut Berschin, Julio Fernández-Sevilla, Josef Felixberger: The Spanish language. Distribution, history, structure. 3. Edition. Georg Olms, Hildesheim / Zurich / New York 2005, ISBN 3-487-12814-4 , p. 205.