Elamite religion
The Elamite religion encompasses the beliefs of the Elamite- speaking Elamers, the inhabitants of the land of Elam in ancient Iran .
Deities
The following Elamite deities are documented in writing and are therefore known by name.
Name of the deity (s) | Gender / number of deity (s) | Duties of the deity (s) | alternative names of deity (s) |
---|---|---|---|
Adad | God | Mesopotamian weather god and god of sacrifice; was still venerated in the Achaemenid-Persian period | IM, Im |
AL.UR.KA | Deity | ||
Enki | God | Mesopotamian god of craftsmen, artists and magicians and god of sacrifice, wisdom, evocations and fresh water | |
Divine good of heaven (d.ba-ḫa-ki-ki-ip) | Gods | Divine Benefactors (d.ba-ḫa-ḫu-ti-ip-pe), Divine Good (d.ba-ḫa-ib-be) | |
Ḫaterišni | God | ||
Ḫišmitek | God | Ḫiš.mitek | |
Ḫumban | God | Sky rulers; in the Mesopotamian area known as Ḫuwawa / Ḫumbaba , guardian of the cedar forest; was still venerated in the Achaemenid-Persian period | |
Ḫusa | God | Tree god | |
Ḫutran | God | God of soldiers | |
Igigi | 7, 10 or 300 gods | good gods of heaven | |
Inšušinak | God | City god of Susa , lord of the underworld and judge of the dead, god of fertility and growth, waters rich in fish and spring floods, the well-being of the country as well as law and order, warrior god | NIN.Šušinak |
Išnikarab | God / goddess | Deity of the underworld, assistant in the judgment of the dead; originally Mesopotamian deity (Išme-karab) | |
Jabru | God | Sky god | |
AI | goddess | Earth goddess | Murun |
Kilaḫsupir | God | God of fire. | |
Kiririša | goddess | Goddess of battle and war, mother goddess | |
Kirwasir | God | Kirmasir, kirwas | |
Laḫuratil | God | ||
Lagamar | God / goddess | Deity of the underworld, assistant in the judgment of the dead; originally Mesopotamian deity | |
Manzat | goddess | Goddess of the rainbow, mistress of the city | NIN.ali, Belet.ali |
Mašti | goddess | Mother goddess | |
Naḫḫunte | God | Sun god , god of trade and justice | Naḫunte |
Napazapa | Deity | Venerated in Achaemenid-Persian times | |
Napir | God | Moon god | |
Napiriša | God | God of fresh water, ruler of the earth; was still venerated in the Achaemenid-Persian period | |
Nap-ratep | 8 deities | Deities of food | Napratep, Nap.ratep, Ḫišep-ratep |
Narsina | goddess | Goddess of venus | Niarzina |
Narunde | goddess | Mother goddess , victory | Narunte |
Nergal | God | Mesopotamian god of the underworld and the dead, warrior, epidemic bringer, disseminator of the glowing heat of the sun | |
Ninegal | goddess | mesopotamian goddess | |
Ninursag | goddess | Mesopotamian mother goddess | |
Nusku | God | Mesopotamian god of light and fire | |
Parti | goddess | Mother goddess | |
Pinengir | goddess | Goddess of love, erotic brothels, mother goddess and protector of mother and child | Pinigir |
Ruḫurater | God | breadwinner | Ruḫu.rater |
Sala | goddess | Mesopotamian goddess of rain and mist | |
Šamaš | God | Mesopotamian sun god God of law and order and the sacrifice | |
Šazi | God | River god, god of the river ordal (innocence test) | |
Seven gods of Elam | 7 gods | Defenders of demons | Sebittu |
Simut | God | Protector of Elam and the Elam, herald of the gods; was still venerated in the Achaemenid-Persian period | Simut |
Sijašum | goddess | Mother goddess | |
Tempt | God | God of heaven? | |
Tirutir | God | ||
Upurkubak | goddess | Mistress of the way of the noble | |
Zizikirra | Deity | Venerated in Achaemenid-Persian times |
Cult buildings
The Elamite temple of gods was often a ziggurat . The ziggurat also seems to have originated in Elam for the first time. In addition, the name of the building itself, in the form “sig-ra-tu-me”, could be of Elamite origin. Horns were attached to the outer walls of Elamite temples, representing a symbol of divine power. In addition, sacred gardens or groves were part of the temple complexes.
Belief in the dead and funeral rites
Graves were always located under the houses of the living or, in the case of group funerals, next to the houses. Often burials were also carried out next to shrines. The dead themselves lay in bare earth, in clay vessels, clay sarcophagi or grave vaults. The Elamers believed in the afterlife. It was therefore considered important to make sacrifices for the dead. That is why the graves were richly furnished: provided with food and drink, clay vessels and jewelry, and with merchants also scales. The dead themselves were wrapped in handkerchiefs, their heads covered with a veil. In the hereafter, the Elamers believed, a judgment of the dead awaited them. The judge of the dead was Inšušinak, his assistants Išnikarab and Lagamar.
literature
- Volkert Haas , Heidemarie Koch : Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2011, ISBN 978-3-525-51695-9 .
- Heidemarie Koch : Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Philipp von Zabern, Mainz am Rhein 2007, ISBN 978-3-8053-3737-3 .
- Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An Ancient Culture in Iran . Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2008, ISBN 978-3-8334-7336-4 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
- ↑ Manfred Krebernik: Gods and Myths of the Ancient Orient . Munich 2012, p. 73.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 127.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 20.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 121.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 51.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 22.
- ↑ Manfred Krebernik: Gods and Myths of the Ancient Orient . Munich 2012, p. 61.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 61.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 53.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 68.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 131.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 62.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 57.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 127.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 40.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 160.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 52.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 18.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 162.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 64.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 65.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 64.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 162.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 162.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 162.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 70.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 60.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 60.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 55, p. 56.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 159.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 68.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 68.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 162.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 162.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 162.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 49.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 158.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 48.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 59.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 160.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 160.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 128.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 63.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 61.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 62.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 127.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 50.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 158.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 20.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 131.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 158.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 60.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 51.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 52.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 50.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 65.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 22.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 50.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 38.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 18.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 159.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 54.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 18.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 68.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 131.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 131.
- ↑ Manfred Krebernik: Gods and Myths of the Ancient Orient . Munich 2012, p. 72.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 22.
- ↑ Manfred Krebernik: Gods and Myths of the Ancient Orient . Munich 2012, p. 67.
- ↑ Manfred Krebernik: Gods and Myths of the Ancient Orient . Munich 2012, p. 73.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 162.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 51.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 51.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 158.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 48.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 126.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 20.
- ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 158.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 70.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 68.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 68.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 128.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 25.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran. Göttingen 2011, p. 25.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran. Norderstedt 2008, p. 19, p. 20.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran. Norderstedt 2008, p. 20.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran. Göttingen 2011, p. 75.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran. Göttingen 2011, p. 76.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran. Norderstedt 2008, p. 23.
- ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran. Göttingen 2011, p. 75.
- ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran. Norderstedt 2008, p. 22.