Elamite religion

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Depiction of Elamite gods on the rock relief of Kurangun . According to Heidemarie Koch , these are the god Napiriša (left, enthroned) and the goddess Kiririša (right, crouching).

The Elamite religion encompasses the beliefs of the Elamite- speaking Elamers, the inhabitants of the land of Elam in ancient Iran .

Deities

The following Elamite deities are documented in writing and are therefore known by name.

Name of the deity (s) Gender / number of deity (s) Duties of the deity (s) alternative names of deity (s)
Adad God Mesopotamian weather god and god of sacrifice; was still venerated in the Achaemenid-Persian period IM, Im
AL.UR.KA Deity
Enki God Mesopotamian god of craftsmen, artists and magicians and god of sacrifice, wisdom, evocations and fresh water
Divine good of heaven (d.ba-ḫa-ki-ki-ip) Gods Divine Benefactors (d.ba-ḫa-ḫu-ti-ip-pe), Divine Good (d.ba-ḫa-ib-be)
Ḫaterišni God
Ḫišmitek God Ḫiš.mitek
Ḫumban God Sky rulers; in the Mesopotamian area known as Ḫuwawa / Ḫumbaba , guardian of the cedar forest; was still venerated in the Achaemenid-Persian period
Ḫusa God Tree god
Ḫutran God God of soldiers
Igigi 7, 10 or 300 gods good gods of heaven
Inšušinak God City god of Susa , lord of the underworld and judge of the dead, god of fertility and growth, waters rich in fish and spring floods, the well-being of the country as well as law and order, warrior god NIN.Šušinak
Išnikarab God / goddess Deity of the underworld, assistant in the judgment of the dead; originally Mesopotamian deity (Išme-karab)
Jabru God Sky god
AI goddess Earth goddess Murun
Kilaḫsupir God God of fire.
Kiririša goddess Goddess of battle and war, mother goddess
Kirwasir God Kirmasir, kirwas
Laḫuratil God
Lagamar God / goddess Deity of the underworld, assistant in the judgment of the dead; originally Mesopotamian deity
Manzat goddess Goddess of the rainbow, mistress of the city NIN.ali, Belet.ali
Mašti goddess Mother goddess
Naḫḫunte God Sun god , god of trade and justice Naḫunte
Napazapa Deity Venerated in Achaemenid-Persian times
Napir God Moon god
Napiriša God God of fresh water, ruler of the earth; was still venerated in the Achaemenid-Persian period
Nap-ratep 8 deities Deities of food Napratep, Nap.ratep, Ḫišep-ratep
Narsina goddess Goddess of venus Niarzina
Narunde goddess Mother goddess , victory Narunte
Nergal God Mesopotamian god of the underworld and the dead, warrior, epidemic bringer, disseminator of the glowing heat of the sun
Ninegal goddess mesopotamian goddess
Ninursag goddess Mesopotamian mother goddess
Nusku God Mesopotamian god of light and fire
Parti goddess Mother goddess
Pinengir goddess Goddess of love, erotic brothels, mother goddess and protector of mother and child Pinigir
Ruḫurater God breadwinner Ruḫu.rater
Sala goddess Mesopotamian goddess of rain and mist
Šamaš God Mesopotamian sun god God of law and order and the sacrifice
Šazi God River god, god of the river ordal (innocence test)
Seven gods of Elam 7 gods Defenders of demons Sebittu
Simut God Protector of Elam and the Elam, herald of the gods; was still venerated in the Achaemenid-Persian period Simut
Sijašum goddess Mother goddess
Tempt God God of heaven?
Tirutir God
Upurkubak goddess Mistress of the way of the noble
Zizikirra Deity Venerated in Achaemenid-Persian times
Depiction of an Elamite prayer with a sacrificial animal

Cult buildings

The Elamite temple of gods was often a ziggurat . The ziggurat also seems to have originated in Elam for the first time. In addition, the name of the building itself, in the form “sig-ra-tu-me”, could be of Elamite origin. Horns were attached to the outer walls of Elamite temples, representing a symbol of divine power. In addition, sacred gardens or groves were part of the temple complexes.

Belief in the dead and funeral rites

Graves were always located under the houses of the living or, in the case of group funerals, next to the houses. Often burials were also carried out next to shrines. The dead themselves lay in bare earth, in clay vessels, clay sarcophagi or grave vaults. The Elamers believed in the afterlife. It was therefore considered important to make sacrifices for the dead. That is why the graves were richly furnished: provided with food and drink, clay vessels and jewelry, and with merchants also scales. The dead themselves were wrapped in handkerchiefs, their heads covered with a veil. In the hereafter, the Elamers believed, a judgment of the dead awaited them. The judge of the dead was Inšušinak, his assistants Išnikarab and Lagamar.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
  2. ↑ Manfred Krebernik: Gods and Myths of the Ancient Orient . Munich 2012, p. 73.
  3. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 127.
  4. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 20.
  5. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 121.
  6. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 51.
  7. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 22.
  8. ↑ Manfred Krebernik: Gods and Myths of the Ancient Orient . Munich 2012, p. 61.
  9. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 61.
  10. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 53.
  11. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 68.
  12. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 131.
  13. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 62.
  14. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 57.
  15. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 127.
  16. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 40.
  17. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 160.
  18. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 52.
  19. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 18.
  20. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 162.
  21. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 64.
  22. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 65.
  23. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 64.
  24. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 162.
  25. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
  26. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
  27. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 162.
  28. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 162.
  29. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 70.
  30. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 60.
  31. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 60.
  32. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
  33. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 55, p. 56.
  34. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 159.
  35. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 68.
  36. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 68.
  37. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 162.
  38. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
  39. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
  40. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 162.
  41. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 162.
  42. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 49.
  43. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 158.
  44. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 48.
  45. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 59.
  46. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 160.
  47. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
  48. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 160.
  49. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
  50. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 128.
  51. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 63.
  52. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 61.
  53. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 62.
  54. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 127.
  55. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 50.
  56. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 158.
  57. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 20.
  58. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 131.
  59. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 158.
  60. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 60.
  61. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 51.
  62. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 52.
  63. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 50.
  64. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
  65. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 65.
  66. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 22.
  67. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 50.
  68. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 38.
  69. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 18.
  70. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 159.
  71. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 54.
  72. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 18.
  73. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 68.
  74. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 131.
  75. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 131.
  76. ↑ Manfred Krebernik: Gods and Myths of the Ancient Orient . Munich 2012, p. 72.
  77. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 22.
  78. ↑ Manfred Krebernik: Gods and Myths of the Ancient Orient . Munich 2012, p. 67.
  79. ↑ Manfred Krebernik: Gods and Myths of the Ancient Orient . Munich 2012, p. 73.
  80. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 19.
  81. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 162.
  82. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 51.
  83. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 51.
  84. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 158.
  85. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 48.
  86. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 126.
  87. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran . Norderstedt 2008, p. 20.
  88. ↑ Heidemarie Koch: Women and snakes: The mysterious culture of the Elamites in old Iran . Mainz am Rhein 2007, p. 158.
  89. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 70.
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  92. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 128.
  93. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran . Göttingen 2011, p. 25.
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  95. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran. Norderstedt 2008, p. 19, p. 20.
  96. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran. Norderstedt 2008, p. 20.
  97. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran. Göttingen 2011, p. 75.
  98. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran. Göttingen 2011, p. 76.
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  100. ↑ Volkert Haas, Heidemarie Koch: Religions of the ancient Orient: Hittites and Iran. Göttingen 2011, p. 75.
  101. ↑ Heday Seyed-Ashraf: Elam: An ancient culture in Iran. Norderstedt 2008, p. 22.