Emmy Bergmann

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Emm (i) y Miriam Bergmann (born September 15, 1887 in Berlin , † April 24, 1972 in Hasorea / Israel ) was a German pediatrician and Montessori teacher . She was the sister of the famous Montessori teacher Clara Grunwald .

Live and act

Emmy Bergmann's dissertation

She was the youngest child in a large Jewish family. After attending primary school and high school courses for women , she studied medicine in Munich and Berlin . After receiving the Physikum in Munich in 1909, she passed the state examination in the Reich capital in 1912 and received her doctorate on psoriasis and joint disease . In the same year, Emmy Grunwald married a cousin, the (later internationally known) chemist Max Bergmann . The marriage, which divorced in the mid-1920s, had two children. In 1914, she took on an assistant position as a pediatrician in Berlin for a year at the Kaiserin-Auguste-Victoria-Krankenhaus , followed by positions at Infant Care III and finally as a school doctor. She was also a lecturer for social hygiene at the social women's school . In September 1922 the family moved to Freiburg im Breisgau . There the pediatrician turned more and more to Montessori pedagogy and opened a Montessori children's home in Rheinstrasse with around 20 children, most of whom were not of school age, including her son Peter Bergmann . With regard to Montessori pedagogy, she attended courses in England, Italy and Switzerland.

In 1923/24 Emmy Bergmann attended a Montessori course in Amsterdam and got to know Maria Montessori personally. The Italian doctor welcomed and supported her idea of ​​establishing a branch of the 'Deutsche Montessori-Gesellschaft e. V. ' established in 1927 and directed by Emmy Bergmann. Two years later, the doctor, who had graduated as a teacher in 1925, founded a Montessori elementary school . This was the first school facility in the state of Baden that worked according to the Montessori method. On the concept of the facility, Emmy Bergmann u. a .:

In the Montessori school there are no certificates, no promotions in the usual sense. Here the child's willingness to work, the willingness to work is recognized, every work that is done with the effort to give the best. The work is not judged according to its external success, especially not according to the relationship in which it stands to the work of others .

When the Nazis came to power, the population was called upon to open the nice educational center for the children of the most distinguished and exclusive Freiburg society, the “Private School Dr. Bergmann ”to boycott .

Since Montessori education was badly defamed, Emmy Bergmann sought contact with her older sister Clara Grunwald and returned to Berlin-Tempelhof in 1934. Due to her Jewish descent, however, she was only able to work as a pediatrician and Montessori pedagogue to a very limited extent. That is why Emmy Bergmann soon emigrated to Palestine. In Jerusalem she worked as an educator and teacher. After her retirement, she lived in a kibbutz until her death, where she worked with children according to the Montessori pedagogy and also provided medical care.

Fonts

  • On the question of the influence of the war feeding of the mothers on breast children. (Amounts of food, success in nutrition and development of two sibling breast children.) Observations of a doctor as a mother. In: Journal of Pediatrics. H. 4, 1920, pp. 75-111.
  • Report on the Montessori work in Freiburg i. Br. In: Montessori-Nachrichten- H. 4, 1925.
  • About education and instruction in the Montessori school. In: The New Education . H. 3, 1925.
  • Psychological Observations in the Montessori Elementary School Class. In: The new education. H. 7, 1927.

literature

  • Doris von Hatzfeld: Clara Grunwald and Emmy Bergmann. Two sisters on duty (1919–1933) for Montessori education. A contribution to the history of Montessori education in Germany. Unpublished thesis. Augsburg 2000.
  • Eduard Seidler : Jewish paediatricians 1933–1945. Disenfranchised - fled - murdered. Jewish pediatricians - victims of persecution 1933–1945. New edition. Karger, Freiburg im Breisgau et al. 2007, ISBN 978-3-8055-8284-1 , pp. 271-272.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hatzfeld 2000, p. 39
  2. ↑ Bergmann 1925, p. 168
  3. ↑ Hatzfeld 2000, p. 78
personal data
SURNAME Bergmann, Emmy
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Bergmann, Emmy Miriam (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German pediatrician and Montessori teacher
DATE OF BIRTH September 15, 1887
PLACE OF BIRTH Berlin
DATE OF DEATH April 24, 1972
Place of death Hasorea , Israel