Encyclopedia (Aventinus)
Encyclopedia is the title of a systematic presentation of the sciences by Johannes Aventinus , which he created for the study of the Bavarian duke's son Ernst at the University of Ingolstadt probably in 1516 and published as an appendix to his Rudimenta gramaticae in Ingolstadt in 1517 . It is the first printed stand-alone treatise to be entitled Encyclopedia .
General
The full title of the work is:
-
Encyclopedia orbisque doctrinarum, hoc est omnium artium, scientiarum, ipsius philosophiae index ac divisio
- dt .: Encyclopedia and Circle of Teachings, that is all arts, sciences, philosophy itself index and structure
The text is written in Latin , the language of scholars at the time . However, Aventinus inserts German translations in many places, which should make his text easier for the pupil who was not so well versed in Latin.
After an extensive dedication to his pupil Ernst von Bayern , Aventine first explains the content and meaning of philosophy , which for him encompasses all of science, names famous philosophers and then sets up a system of philosophy by referring to the ancient authors Quintilian and Aristotle - after the Topik and the 6th book de rebus divinarum - follows, not without noticing that he is well aware that the Platonists divided philosophy differently.
The philosophy and its main types
According to Aventine, philosophy is the study of wisdom ( sapientia ), the search for truth ( inquisitio veritatis ) and the knowledge of divine and human things ( divinarum humanarumque rerum cognitio ). It is therefore an experience, a recognition of the ground, the truth, the nature of all things . The philosopher is a highly educated, highly intelligent, artful lover of all art, an artist who loves the arts, the right reason, warfare, nature, cause in all things diligently researched, addicted, forested . Philosophizing means surrounding art, artificial things, researching, searching, talking about them, writing, knowing waves, experiencing, reflecting, the right reason for truth, nature, the cause in all things, loving art.
The two main types of philosophy are
- 1. the supporting one ( adminiculativa or minus prinicipalis ), which Aristotle called logic and Boethius called it rational , since it deals not with things but with reasons of reason ( rationes ). It is the tool ( instrumentum ) and armament ( supellex ) of philosophy, which is dedicated to the knowledge of things and was therefore called by Aristotle the type of knowledge ( modus sciendi ).
- 2. the real ( principalis ), that of the knowledge of things ( cognitio rerum ), which is colloquially real ( realem vulgus ), which Aristotle and the scholars simply call philosophy without additions.
The rational philosophy
The rational or logical philosophy is divided into the
- 1. Grammar is the science of speaking and writing correctly. According to Aristotle, their task is to explain the nature of the individual statements ( dictiones ); their goal is to speak properly.
- 2. Rhetoric is the art of speaking ( oratoria ). Your job is to speak well; Your goal is to convince ( persuadere, want to talk and talk about it with learned words ).
- 3. Dialectic, that is the thorough method ( ratio ) of discussing ( disserendi ) and discussing ( disputandi ): talking about the things on both sides and away, counting . Your task is to give the type and way of knowing, teaching, learning, that is to teach, to draw conclusions ( facere ratiocinationem ): learns moderately, knows and away, calculates how and how to be . Your goal is to investigate an unknown thing ( investigare rem ignotam ): how to learn a thing, from arithmetic, to search for that he cannot .
The real philosophy
It consists of the main types
- 1. Practical philosophy, called activa and administrativa in Latin because it teaches us to do well and rightly, and the way to serve in everything ( servare in omnibus ). It is also named with the following terms: civil law or natural law, wisdom ( prudentia ), human philosophy or the philosophy of human things ( de rebus humanis ), bourgeois ( civilis ) or moral philosophy: learns what one should do or not do . Your goal is to act and live well.
- 2. poetic philosophy, which in Latin is called effectiva . It teaches you to do something with your hands and is therefore called handwerck by the Germans , but art ( ars ) by Aristotle , usually mechanical art ( ars mechanica ).
- 3. The theoretical philosophy, which we have transformed into an observing ( spectativa ) and a deepening ( contemplativa ). It consists in the comprehensive knowledge of things; their goal is to know.
The practical philosophy
It is about happiness, the highest good, the blissful and good life, the virtues and morals. These include a .: fortitudo - manhait; temperantia - messikait in eating and drinking, claidern, frawen; munificentia - mildickait; modestia - diemut; urbanitas - entertaining .
Another part of practical philosophy is law, which is divided into the law of distribution ( iustitia distributiva ) of money and offices, commercial law ( iustitia commutativa, in buying and selling ) and general law. The general law is based on the one hand on the imperial laws and is then called special civil law ( ius civile peculiare ) or Roman law; on the other hand on the law of the Popes ( ius pontificum ), which is usually called canon law.
Finally, history, concern for the family ( familia reque familiari procuranda - how one should live ) and civics ( republica - how one should govern the country and its people ) are subjects of practical philosophy.
The poetic philosophy (Artes mechanicae)
This includes
- 1. Agriculture ( agricultura )
- 2. Food ( coquinaria )
- 3. Textile craft ( vestiaria )
- 4. Architecture ( pawmaisterei )
- 5. Nautical science
- 6. Gymnastics with theater and performing music
- 7. Pharmacy
- 8. Military affairs
Theoretical Philosophy
This includes
- 1. Math with
- a) arithmetic
- b) music
- c) geometry
- d) optics
- e) astronomy
- f) astrology
- 2. Natural philosophy (physics) with
- a) Cosmography
- b) geography
- c) meteorology
- d) botany
- e) Zoology
- f) medicine
- 3. Theology with
- a) literary studies ( theologia fabularis )
- b) Natural theology ( theologie naturalis ), which on the one hand deals with number, nature, life and work of the gods, demons, divine forces and idols, usually called peripatetic intelligences and special substances; on the other hand of fortune telling, immortality of the soul, future life and the like. a.
- c) Popular theology ( theologia civilis ), which is used in a special form in the cities and regions:
- the artificial ( facticia ) that every people has set for itself and is pure superstition.
- the enlightened and inspired ( revelata et inspirata ) of Christians.
expenditure
- Ioannes Auentinus: Rudimenta gramaticae… Encyclopedia orbisque doctrinarum in calce… . Ingolstadt: Erhard Sampach 1517.
- Johannes Turmair's called Aventinus all works , vol. 1 (1881) pp. 551-564.
literature
- Arno Seifert : The encyclopedic thought from the Renaissance to Leibniz . In: Studia Leibnitiana , Suppl. Issue 22 (1983) p. 117.
- Wilhelm Vogt: Aventin's life . In: Johannes Turmair's called Aventinus all works , vol. 1 (1881) p. I-LIX.
